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תוכן מסופק על ידי Programming Electronics Academy. כל תוכן הפודקאסטים כולל פרקים, גרפיקה ותיאורי פודקאסטים מועלים ומסופקים ישירות על ידי Programming Electronics Academy או שותף פלטפורמת הפודקאסט שלהם. אם אתה מאמין שמישהו משתמש ביצירה שלך המוגנת בזכויות יוצרים ללא רשותך, אתה יכול לעקוב אחר התהליך המתואר כאן https://he.player.fm/legal.

Accidental CEO Podcast

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72: If You Want to Grow—Stop Fixing the Wrong Problem 16:32

לפני 17 ימים16:32

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16:32

You’re busy—but are you actually growing? In this episode, Nata Salvatori exposes a trap that’s costing service providers time, money, and sanity: chasing busywork that feels productive but doesn’t move the needle. She walks through a clear, five-step growth path—from clarifying your offer, validating through real sales, delivering sustainably, building repeatable systems, to scaling confidently. You’ll learn: How to spot and ditch “fake work” Why clarity beats complexity every time How to use real feedback to validate your offers Delivery tips that prevent burnout System creation that enables scaling How to honor your current phase of growth 📌 Ready to stop spinning your wheels and make real moves? Map your phase, pick your next action, and don’t be afraid to ask for help: 👉 accidentalceo.co/coaching Support the show…

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Arduino Lessons from Programming Electronics Academy

לפני 8 שנים 2:22

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This is the introduction for the following lessons on the programming and electronics of Arduino. Michael talks about the following lessons, the Arduino Crash Course, and the premium Arduino Course for Absolute Beginners.

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Arduino Lessons from Programming Electronics Academy

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

published לפני 8 שנים

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61 פרקים

#Tech #Higher Education #Programming Electronics Academy #Podcasting Education

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לפני 8 years8:11

8:11

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

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What to do when you just don't know :: Arduino, ADXL345 triple axis accelerometer and an RGB LED 14:04

לפני 8 years14:04

14:04

This lesson discusses what to do when you open an existing program and realize that you simply don't understand all the stuff that is going on. It also talks about using the ADXL345 triple axis accelerometer breakout board to control the hue of a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) LED.

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3 Ways to Use Acceleration in an Arduino Sketch 17:37

לפני 8 years17:37

17:37

This lesson covers three easy ways to implement some form of acceleration in your Arduino sketches. It will cover the following: Linear Acceleration Exponential Acceleration Messing Around with the Square Root function What is Acceleration? Acceleration is the rate of change of something over time. Acceleration would help describe things like: Have fast can a stopped car get to 88mph? If I do a wing-suit jump from the top of Mount Everest, how fast will I be when I am gliding over base camp? How can I gently slow down the movement of a mechanical servo before it comes to rest? We can implement acceleration when programming Arduino quite easily with just a couple lines of code. The basic concept is that a variable will need to change - how it changes over the course of the sketch is what we are interested in. Below are three examples of how we can code change in variables so they display acceleration. Linear acceleration Linear acceleration is a constant rate of change. It can be represented by a sloped line on an x-y axis. A simple way to use it is to increment or decrement a variable every time through a loop like below... for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { //accel gets increasingly smaller as for loop continues accel = accel - 100; }//close for You can see in the code above, that each time through the 'for loop', the accel variable is decreasing by 100. If accel started at 1000, this is what accel would look like with respect to the number of iterations of the for loop. You can see that the accel variable decreases at a set rate over time in a linear fashion. Exponential Acceleration Exponential acceleration changes over time too, but it does so more dramatically (It's basically a drama queen). At first the rate of change in the variable is small, but once it begins to increase it really takes off! You can use the power function built into the Arduino IDE to make a variable change exponentially. The power function syntax is quite easy. pow( base, exponent ) The parameter base is the number that get raised to the power of the exponent . Like 2 to the 5th power. Below is an example of how you might code it to change a variable exponentially over the course of a 'for loop'. for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { //accel grows exponentially as the for loop continues accel = pow(2, i); }//close for Looking at a chart of accel over the course of the 'for loop', we can see that the way it changes is much different than linear acceleration: The theme for exponential growth is that is starts out slow, but once it starts going it really get's going! Using the Square Root Function for Acceleration The square root function can also provide some flavor to the output from your Arduino. It's syntax is simple: sqrt( x ) It returns the square root of the number or variable that you put in the parenthesis. Below is an easy way to use it in a 'for loop': for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { //accel quickly decreases through the loop accel = sqrt(accel); }//close for Let's look at how accel changes over the course of the for loop(let's say it started at 10,000): You can see the a rapid deceleration in the value of the accel variable of the 'for loop'. Practice With Acceleration: If you want to take a look at what these types of acceleration will do in "real" life, then set up the circuit below. You Will Need: (10) LEDs (10) 220 Ohm Resistors (1) Jumper Wire Arduino Board Bread Board Black Marker Set Up The Circuit: Start by by placing one resistor at pin 2 on your Arduino. Connect the other end of the resistor to the breadboard and then connect the long leg of the LED to the resistor. Place the short leg of the LED in the outer ground rail of the bread board. Then add 9 more resistors and LEDs across - you should stop at Pin 11 on the Arduino. Then add a jumper wire from GND on the Arduino to the shared ground on the breadboard. (All LEDs not pictured). That is pretty much it for the circuit. Below are the code examples for the different ways to program acceleration that we talked about: Here is the code for the linear acceleration: /* Linaer ( Constant ) Acceleration The circuit: * LEDs from pins 2 through 11 to ground created 2006 by David A. Mellis modified 30 Aug 2011 by Tom Igoe Modifeid 21 Jul 2014 by Michael James This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Array */ //Declare and initialize variables // The higher the number, the slower the timing. int timer = 1000; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached int ledPins[] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }; // the number of pins (i.e. the length of the array) int pinCount = 10; void setup() { // the array elements are numbered from 0 to (pinCount - 1). // use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { pinMode(ledPins[thisPin], OUTPUT); } //Start Serial Communication Serial.begin(9600); }//close setup void loop() { // loop from the lowest pin to the highest: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer (EASY WAY) timer = timer - 100; //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Back ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop timer = 1000; // loop from the highest pin to the lowest: for (int thisPin = pinCount - 1; thisPin >= 0; thisPin--) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer timer = timer - 100; //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Forth ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop timer = 1000; }//close loop Here is the code for the exponential acceleration: /* Exponential Acceleration The circuit: * LEDs from pins 2 through 11 to ground created 2006 by David A. Mellis modified 30 Aug 2011 by Tom Igoe Modifeid 21 Jul 2014 by Michael James This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Array */ //Declare and initialize variables // The higher the number, the slower the timing. float timer = 1000; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached int ledPins[] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }; // the number of pins (i.e. the length of the array) int pinCount = 10; void setup() { // the array elements are numbered from 0 to (pinCount - 1). // use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { pinMode(ledPins[thisPin], OUTPUT); } //Start Serial Communication Serial.begin(9600); }//close setup void loop() { // loop from the lowest pin to the highest: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer timer = pow(2, thisPin); //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Back ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop // loop from the highest pin to the lowest: for (int thisPin = pinCount - 1; thisPin >= 0; thisPin--) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer timer = pow(2, thisPin); //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Forth ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop timer = 1000; }//close loop Here is the code for messing around with the square root: /* square root The circuit: * LEDs from pins 2 through 11 to ground created 2006 by David A. Mellis modified 30 Aug 2011 by Tom Igoe Modifeid 21 Jul 2014 by Michael James This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Array */ //Declare and initialize variables // The higher the number, the slower the timing. float timer = 1000; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached int ledPins[] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }; // the number of pins (i.e. the length of the array) int pinCount = 10; void setup() { // the array elements are numbered from 0 to (pinCount - 1). // use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { pinMode(ledPins[thisPin], OUTPUT); } //Start Serial Communication Serial.begin(9600); }//close setup void loop() { // loop from the lowest pin to the highest: for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer timer = sqrt(timer); //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Back ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop timer = 1000; // loop from the highest pin to the lowest: for (int thisPin = pinCount - 1; thisPin >= 0; thisPin--) { // turn the pin on: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH); delay(timer); // turn the pin off: digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW); //decrement timer timer = sqrt(timer); //let's take a look at the numbers via the serial monitor window (Tools > Serial Monitor) Serial.print("Forth ... LED #"); Serial.print(thisPin); Serial.print(" = "); Serial.println(timer); }//close for //reset timer for next for loop timer = 1000; }//close loop I hope the lesson was helpful. The idea of adding acceleration to a sketch can seem a bit intimidating at first, but as you can see, it turns out to be a rather simple addition of code. Try on Your Own Challenge: Can you make the fade amount of an LED accelerate/deccelerate? Can you add a potentiometer to the circuit above and find a way to control the amount of acceleration - either linear, exponential or otherwise.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

לפני 8 years2:22

2:22

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

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Our Premium Arduino Training 2:16

לפני 8 years2:16

2:16

Check out our Premium Arduino Training Course.

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If Statement Conditionals 14:13

לפני 8 years14:13

14:13

If Statement (and else-if), Comparison Operators and Conditions In the last lesson, we learned about the if statement. The if statement was the perfect choice for setting up instructions to run only when certain conditions were met. “If 30 seconds has passed – stop the heating element” or “If the sensor perceives a wall – turn 180 Degrees”. This lesson will expand on this amazingly useful function and show you how to stack different conditions to satisfy the flexibility you want in your designs. If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. You Will Need Potentiometer (doesn’t matter what resistance range) 220 Ohm Resistor LED (any color) Jumper Wires (3) Alligator Clip Dull machete with wood handle Step-by-Step Instructions Place the potentiometer in the breadboard. Place a jumper wire from one of the outside leads of the potentiometer to the 5V pin on Arduino. Place a jumper wire from the other outside lead of the potentiometer to one of the GND pins. Place the final jumper wire from the center pin of the potentiometer to the A0 pin. Connect either side of the 220 ohm resistor to pin 13. Connect the short leg of the LED to GND (the GND pin next to pin 13 is the most convenient). Attach the other leg of the resistor to the long leg of the LED. Plug your Arduino into your computer with the USB cable. Open the Arduino IDE. Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button (top left). The button will turn orange and then blue once finished. Click the Upload button. The button will turn orange and then blue when finished. Open up the Serial Monitor window. Tools > Serial Monitor. Adjust the potentiometer and watch as the LED turns on and off based on the knob position. If Then Statement Conditionals Set up This image built with Fritzing. /* Conditionals - If statement This example demonstrates the use of if() statements. It reads the state of a potentiometer (an analog input) and turns on an LED only if the potentiometer goes above a certain threshold level. It prints the analog value regardless of the level. The circuit: * potentiometer connected to analog pin 0. Center pin of the potentiometer goes to the analog pin. side pins of the potentiometer go to +5V and ground * LED connected from digital pin 13 to ground * Note: On most Arduino boards, there is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13, so you don't need any extra components for this example. created 17 Jan 2009 modified 9 Apr 2012 by Tom Igoe This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/IfStatement */ // These constants won't change: const int analogPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to const int ledPin = 13; // pin that the LED is attached to const int threshold = 400; // an arbitrary threshold level that's in the range of the analog input void setup() { // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize serial communications: Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { // read the value of the potentiometer: int analogValue = analogRead(analogPin); // if the analog value is high enough, turn on the LED: if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } // print the analog value: Serial.println(analogValue); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 /* Conditionals - If statement This example demonstrates the use of if() statements. It reads the state of a potentiometer (an analog input) and turns on an LED only if the potentiometer goes above a certain threshold level. It prints the analog value regardless of the level. The circuit: * potentiometer connected to analog pin 0. Center pin of the potentiometer goes to the analog pin. side pins of the potentiometer go to +5V and ground * LED connected from digital pin 13 to ground * Note: On most Arduino boards, there is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13, so you don't need any extra components for this example. created 17 Jan 2009 modified 9 Apr 2012 by Tom Igoe This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/IfStatement */ // These constants won't change: const int analogPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to const int ledPin = 13; // pin that the LED is attached to const int threshold = 400; // an arbitrary threshold level that's in the range of the analog input void setup() { // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize serial communications: Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { // read the value of the potentiometer: int analogValue = analogRead(analogPin); // if the analog value is high enough, turn on the LED: if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } // print the analog value: Serial.println(analogValue); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } Discuss the Sketch In this sketch we measure voltage at an analog pin from 0 to 1023 – this voltage changes based on where the knob of the potentiometer is set. We then define a threshold value somewhere in this range, let’s pick the number 400. When the value measured at the analog pin is above 400, we turn on the LED at pin 13, when the voltage is below 400 we turn the LED off. It’s as easy as that. Make sure you read the sketch and try to figure out what is taking place before moving on. This program might look long to you – the previous ones were a bit shorter. A good way to approach any program long or short is to cut it up into chunks and only consider pieces of it at a time. The first chunk in this sketch is the multi-line comments that clearly describe: What the program will do Generally how the program will accomplish it How to set up the circuit and the components you will need Any pertinent notes The license the program is released under (if any) The author, date and version number This might seem like a lot of stuff – but I would recommend you do the same thing for your programs! This information will not only help you understand what the heck you intended when you wrote the program but if you make the program available for others then your comments will help them as well. Some of the functions that are now integrated into the Arduino IDE were created by people just like you – they had a problem, they found a solution with some well-written code, they made it available to all the Arduino users in the world – and everybody else found it useful – and before you know it your code is famous and you win the Nobel peace prize. Enough of this tirade, let’s move onto the first block of code that will be executed by the Arduino. const int analogPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to const int ledPin = 13; // pin that the LED is attached to const int threshold = 400; // an arbitrary threshold level that’s in the range of the analog input 1 2 3 4 5 const int analogPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to const int ledPin = 13; // pin that the LED is attached to const int threshold = 400; // an arbitrary threshold level that’s in the range of the analog input Notice that all the variables have const in front of them. This keyword stands for constant. A constant is classified as a qualifier – it adjusts the behavior of the variable being declared. It is similar an adjective in a sentence – “The squishy material,” squishy qualifies what the material will behave. It might seem counterintuitive to the whole point of variables, but the constant qualifier will stop the variable from changing throughout your program. It protects the value from start to finish. Why do this? It protects you from unintentionally writing a new value to the variable. It happens more often than you might think – I recommend using constants when the variable will not change in the program. The integer constants we declare are pretty straightforward. The variables analogPin and ledPin are those pins the potentiometer and LED will be attached to on the Arduino board. Threshold is the arbitrary number chosen as the condition to turn our LED on or off. The next block of code is setup(). Here, we have to set the mode of a pin and set up serial communications. void setup() { // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize serial communications: Serial.begin(9600); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 void setup() { // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize serial communications: Serial.begin(9600); } Recall that all pins are by default set to INPUT, so we do not have to explicitly set the pin mode for our analogPin A0 as an INPUT – though I would argue it is best to do so for clarity. You should have serial communication down pat. We use the begin() function from the Serial library with a baud rate of 9600. Now that we have things setup, let’s get into the loop(). The first line of code we encounter reads from the value at the analog pin A0 and assigns this value to an integer variable called analogValue. int analogValue = analogRead(analogPin); 1 int analogValue = analogRead(analogPin); To do this, we use the analogRead() function. Recall that analogRead() will return a value between 0 and 1023. This value will change as we adjust the potentiometer. This line of code is checking the position of the potentiometer every time through the loop(). The next thing we want to do is compare the value we just read from the analog pin to our threshold value. The if-else statement is perfect for this. if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } You have seen the if statement before, now we add an else statement. The if statement checks a condition in the parenthesis, if it is TRUE, then the code in the curly brackets is executed – if the condition is not met (FALSE), then it moves to the else statement. Consider this pseudocode: if(apple is NOT rotten) { } else { } 1 2 3 4 5 if(apple is NOT rotten) { } else { } You can see that the else statement gives you control over what to do when the condition in the if statement is not met. In a later lesson we will talk about the else-if statement which will offer even further control over conditions. Explanation of iF-Then Statements In this example the condition we are interested in is: In this example the condition we are interested in is thus… analogValue > threshold 1 analogValue > threshold If this is TRUE we turn the LED on by using the digitalWrite() function: if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } 1 2 3 4 5 if (analogValue > threshold) { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } If this condition is FALSE we turn off the LED by executing the code inside the curly brackets of the else statement: else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } 1 2 3 4 5 else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } Before we continue discussing the sketch, let’s do a quick overview of Comparison Operators. The condition set in an if-else statement will use what are called comparison operators. The list of comparison operators on the Arduino Reference page is as follows: == (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to) These operators offer a broad spectrum of comparisons to use. It’s vital to pay close attention to the syntax of the comparison operators. Accidentally dropping an equal sign, or typing a > instead of a < is easy to do, and usually leaves you scratching your head when the program acts differently than you might have expected. Now that we have turned the LED on or off depending on the position of the potentiometer, let’s see exactly what values are being read. We want to do this to ensure the program is doing what we think it should and also to make sure our potentiometer (sensor) is working properly. // print the analog value: Serial.println(analogValue); 1 2 3 // print the analog value: Serial.println(analogValue); This line of code uses the println() function from the Serial library – which (as you know by now) sends the values from the Arduino to your computer. Adjust your potentiometer and watch the values change in the Serial Monitor window. Then adjust the potentiometer so the value is right at the 400 threshold and make sure the LED is responding appropriately. Finally, we want to slow down the readings to add some stability. We do this with the delay() function. delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability 1 delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability Let’s recap. First we read the value at the analog pin and assign that value to a variable. Next we check if that variable is more than or less than our threshold value. If it is above the threshold the LED turns on, if it is below the threshold the LED turns off. We also want to see the actual values at the analog pin, so we print them to the serial monitor. Finally, we wait a millisecond before our next reading – which starts the loop() at the top. You can see how handy the if-else statement can be. As I have said previously, the if-else statement is a staple of programming – you will see it (or a similar form of it), in any programming language you encounter henceforth. Try On Your Own Challenges Adjust the value of the threshold variable. Write an additional if statement to turn on the LED when the analogValue variable is less than 100. The LED should turn on when analogValue is greater than 400 and less than 100. Further Reading If-Else Statement – From the Arduino Reference More on the If-Else statement – The example sketch on the Arduino Website…

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Fade an LED with Arduino 20:30

לפני 8 years20:30

20:30

Let’s expand the repertoire of output that we can use by looking at the function analogWrite(). I experienced much confusion with analogWrite(), because I suspected that it had to do with the analog pins on the Arduino. The function, however, has nothing to do with the analog pins. There are 5 pins on most Arduino boards marked with ‘PWM’ next to the pin number (on some boards it is an “~” symbol) – these pins can be invoked to rapidly change the power being applied at the pin – this is a technique called pulse width modulation (PWM). If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. You Will Need LED – any color is fine 220 Ohm Resistor Alligator Clip Glacial ice cubes Step-by-Step Instructions Take the short leg of the LED and insert it in the GND pin. Take either leg of the resistor and place it in pin 9. Connect the long leg of the LED with the other leg of the resistor using an alligator clip Plug the Arduino into your computer with the USB cable Open up the Arduino IDE Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button (top left). The button will turn orange and then blue once finished. Click the Upload button. The button will turn orange and then blue when finished. Watch in mesmerizing amazement as the LED fades in and out. Arduino Fade an LED BoardThis image built with Fritzing. Discuss the Sketch Below is the sketch in its entirety from the Arduino IDE: /* Fade This example shows how to fade an LED on pin 9 using the analogWrite() function. This example code is in the public domain. */ int led = 9; // the pin that the LED is attached to int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // declare pin 9 to be an output: pinMode(led, OUTPUT); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // set the brightness of pin 9: analogWrite(led, brightness); // change the brightness for next time through the loop: brightness = brightness + fadeAmount; // reverse the direction of the fading at the ends of the fade: if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255) { fadeAmount = -fadeAmount ; } // wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect delay(30); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 /* Fade This example shows how to fade an LED on pin 9 using the analogWrite() function. This example code is in the public domain. */ int led = 9; // the pin that the LED is attached to int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // declare pin 9 to be an output: pinMode(led, OUTPUT); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // set the brightness of pin 9: analogWrite(led, brightness); // change the brightness for next time through the loop: brightness = brightness + fadeAmount; // reverse the direction of the fading at the ends of the fade: if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255) { fadeAmount = -fadeAmount ; } // wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect delay(30); } The sketch starts with the usual multiline comment describing the program and how to set up the circuit. The first block of code we encounter is the declaration and initialization of three integer variables. The variable names and comments are both descriptive and helpful – remember this when naming and commenting your own code – useful comments are a pillar of success! int led = 9; // the pin that the LED is attached to int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by 1 2 3 4 5 int led = 9; // the pin that the LED is attached to int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by The brightness variable will store the value of the current brightness of the LED. fadeAmount is the rate at which the LED will fade and brighten. And of course, as the comments explain, led is simply the pin number where we have attached the LED (through a 220-ohm resistor). Now that we have declared and initialized our variables, we move on to setting up the board with the setup() function… void setup() { // declare pin 9 to be an output: pinMode(led, OUTPUT); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 void setup() { // declare pin 9 to be an output: pinMode(led, OUTPUT); } The only thing we do here is set the mode of pin 9 as an OUTPUT using the pinMode() function. Recall that pinMode() takes two arguments – the pin number and the mode. In this case, we assign the pin number using the variable led, which we previously initialized as the number 9. By now you know that setup() only runs once – the code inside the setup() curly bracket will only be executed a single time by the Arduino. Where the real action happens is in loop(). The first function we encounter in the loop() is analogWrite(). This function invokes the Pulse Width Modulation capabilities of the Arduino board. Pulse Width Modulation basically adjusts the power output at the pin. So you can have a lot of power or a little power applied at the pin, it’s your call, just tell the analogWrite() function which pin to modulate and how much power you want to be applied. The scale is from 0 to 255 with zero being the lowest power setting and 255 being the highest. For a discussion of what is actually happening with pulse width modulation check out the further reading section. As alluded to above, analogWrite() takes two arguments… analogWrite(pin, value); 1 analogWrite(pin, value); You can utilize analogWrite() with pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 – recall there is a “PWM” or “~” next to the pin number on the board. In this sketch we use the arguments: analogWrite(led, brightness); 1 analogWrite(led, brightness); The first thing we do in the loop is write a value to pin 9 (recall that led holds the number 9) where we have our LED attached (through a resistor) – and we set the value to 0 (zero is what our brightness variable initially holds). This will keep our LED dark to start with. Key Points about the analogWrite function The next line of code we encounter is: brightness = brightness + fadeAmount; ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + (5)…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
How to read voltages with analogRead() 14:44

לפני 8 years14:44

14:44

In the last lesson you learned about using the analogRead() function to collect data from a sensor connected to one of the Arduino analog pins. The range of data we received from the analogRead() function was mapped between 0 to 1023. What if we want to know the actual voltage being applied at the pin? If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. You Will Need Potentiometer (any resistance range will work) Jumper Wires – at least 3 Persian Rug Step-by-Step Instructions Place the potentiometer into your breadboard. Run a jumper wire from the 5-Volt pin of the Arduino to either one of the outside pins of the potentiometer. Run another jumper wire from one of the ground pins on the Arduino (labeled GND) to the other outside pin of the potentiometer. Run the final jumper wire from pin A0 on the Arduino to the middle pin of the potentiometer. Plug the Arduino into your computer. Open up the Arduino IDE. Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button on the top left side of the screen. It will turn orange and then back to blue once it has finished. Click the Upload button (next to the Verify button). It will turn orange and then back to blue once it has finished. On the menu bar, go to Tools > Serial Monitor – this will open the Serial Monitor window – you should see numbers rolling down this screen. Now adjust the knob of your potentiometer and watch the serial monitor window, the numbers should adjust between 0 and 5. Adruino Board Set up For Switch Case This image crafted with Fritzing. The Arduino Code /* ReadAnalogVoltage Reads an analog input on pin 0, converts it to voltage, and prints the result to the serial monitor. Graphical representation is available using serial plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu) Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground. This example code is in the public domain. */ // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input on analog pin 0: int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V): float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // print out the value you read: Serial.println(voltage); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 /* ReadAnalogVoltage Reads an analog input on pin 0, converts it to voltage, and prints the result to the serial monitor. Graphical representation is available using serial plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu) Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground. This example code is in the public domain. */ // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input on analog pin 0: int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V): float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // print out the value you read: Serial.println(voltage); } Discuss the Sketch This sketch does the exact same thing as the last lesson sketch except for one important change. It takes the reading provided by the analogRead() function and converts it into the actual voltage value at the respective analog pin. Let’s start from the top to review what is taking place. We have no variables to declare and initialize at the beginning of the sketch so we jump right into the setup() function. Inside the curly braces of setup() we begin serial communications by setting the baud rate. This is done using the function Serial.begin(9600). void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } That is all there is to the setup() of this sketch. The next block of code is loop(). Inside the curly braces of loop() the first thing we do is read the value at analog pin A0 and assign it to an integer variable called sensorValue. int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); 1 int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); Once we have recorded this value, we want to convert it to an actual voltage. You will recall that the range returned by the analogRead() function is between 0 and 1023. We want this to reflect the actual voltage at the pin – which is between 0 and 5 volts depending on where the potentiometer knob is turned. So let’s take a look at how we might accomplish this… Explanation of analog sensor code float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); 1 float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); The first thing we encounter is a new data type – called float. A float is simply a number with a decimal point; say for example 3.14 or 2.17781778. Floats, also called floating point numbers, can be huge in value, and take much more time for the Arduino to churn through than integers – this is why they are used only when necessary. We want the voltage variable set as a float data type because it will provide more resolution than an integer. The voltage variable is set equal to a somewhat confusing calculation. Our goal is to take the value that analogRead() returns and convert it into an actual voltage value. We use a conversion factor to accomplish this feat. By multiplying sensorValue by (5.0/1023.0), it scales down the range from 0-1023 (which is the range that analogRead() returns) to the range 0-5 which is the actual range of the voltage. You can think of the conversion calculation by saying “sensorValue is to X volts as 5 volts is to 1023”, where X is the converted voltage value we are trying to determine. Once we have this new value, it is assigned to the variable voltage – all of this on one line of code. Let’s recap the program… Read the sensor value at an analog pin. Assign this value to a variable. Convert this value to a voltage Save the voltage measurement to another variable And then… Well, we print it back to the serial monitor window so we can see what the voltage is at our pin. The loop() will start over again, it will sample a new value at the pin, it will convert that value and print it, and loop and loop and loop – you get the idea. Try On Your Own Switch from using the 5-volt pin on the Arduino to the 3.3-volt pin. Make sure to adjust the conversion factor. Instead of converting to a voltage value, can you change the conversion factor to return a range from 0 to 100? Further Reading float map() – this function takes the work out of conversion factors – can you implement it here?…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
analogRead() and the Serial Port 12:02

לפני 8 years12:02

12:02

Knowing if something is on or off can be extremely useful, but often you will want to know more. How bright is the light? How fast is the satellite moving? These types of answers are often analog – they cover a large range of values, not just on or off. The Arduino handles analog inputs with 6 dedicated pins, labeled A0 through A5. These pins have access to an analog-to-digital converter, which takes the range of input values and creates a digital version by cutting up the range into tiny pieces. All this is handled behind the scenes – all you have to do is use some very simple functions and you will get what you need. You Will Need Potentiometer (any resistance range will work) Jumper Wires – at least 3 Bicycle tire Step-by-Step Instructions Place the potentiometer into your breadboard. Run a jumper wire from the 5-Volt pin of the Arduino to either one of the outside pins of your potentiometer. Run another jumper wire from one of the ground pins on your Arduino (labeled GND) to the other outside pin of the potentiometer. Run the final jumper wire from pin A0 on your Arduino to the middle pin of the potentiometer. Plug the Arduino into your computer. Open up the Arduino IDE. Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button on the top left side of the screen. It will turn orange and then back to blue once it has finished. Click the Upload button (next to the Verify button). It will turn orange and then back to blue once it has finished. On the menu bar, go to Tools > Serial Monitor – this will open the Serial Monitor window – you should see numbers rolling down this screen. Now adjust the knob of the potentiometer and watch the serial monitor window. The numbers should adjust between 0 and 1023. Using the Arduino analogread and map function with a potentiometer at pin A0 This image composed with Fritzing. The Arduino Code /* AnalogReadSerial Reads an analog input on pin 0, prints the result to the serial monitor. Graphical representation is available using serial plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu) Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground. This example code is in the public domain. */ // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input on analog pin 0: int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // print out the value you read: Serial.println(sensorValue); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 /* AnalogReadSerial Reads an analog input on pin 0, prints the result to the serial monitor. Graphical representation is available using serial plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu) Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground. This example code is in the public domain. */ // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input on analog pin 0: int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // print out the value you read: Serial.println(sensorValue); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } Discuss the Sketch This sketch starts with a multi-line comment describing the sketch and the circuit. You will probably notice that the first block of code is the setup() function – we do not declare or initialize any variables at the beginning of this sketch – instead we will do this inside the loop() function, as in the last example. Inside the curly braces of setup() we revisit the Serial library and use the function Serial.begin(). void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); } If you recall from the last lesson, Serial.begin() takes the baud rate as an argument (this will almost always be 9600). This function allows you to setup a communication channel between the computer and the Arduino. As you may know by now, setup() only runs once, and then we move on to the next block of code. But wait! Don’t we have to set the mode of the pin we will be using? Great point! What the Arduino does, by default, is set all the pins on the board as INPUTs unless you tell it otherwise. So in many cases, you do not have to explicitly set a pin as an input using the pinMode() function. That being said – I make it a habit to do this anyway – because it makes things clear to me – and that is worth it in space and effort. So I dare you, set the mode of the pin using the pinMode(A0, INPUT) function inside the curly braces of setup()– you won’t regret it. Moving on to the loop() function, we start with a variable declaration and initialization. int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); 1 int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); We declare a variable called sensorValue and we initialize it to the output of a new function. This new function is the glamorous analogRead(). So take a wild guess what this new function analogRead() does. It reads the value at the analog pin that you have chosen – in this case, it is the analog pin A0, where we have the center pin of the potentiometer connected. The voltage at pin A0 will be mapped to a number between 0 and 1023, and this value will be assigned to the variable sensorValue. If you recall from above, the actual voltage at pin A0 will be between 0 and 5 volts, depending on where your potentiometer is adjusted – this value gets mapped to the range 0 – 1023 with the help of the analog-to-digital converter. So we have a variable that has recorded the value at our potentiometer – what next? Well, let’s look at the value. To do that, we need to print it from the Arduino to our computer – and you guessed it, we will use the Serial library function println() to do just that… Serial.println(sensorValue); 1 Serial.println(sensorValue); No big surprises here – we send as an argument the sensorValue variable to the function Serial.println() and our serial monitor window will display the resulting values. To finish the sketch, we invoke the delay() function for one millisecond to make sure our next reading is a stable one and we start at the top of the loop() again. We record a new value using analogRead(), save it to the variable sensorValue and then print it to the computer. All this is good and well, you might be thinking, but what does a potentiometer have to do with sensors? A potentiometer doesn’t sense anything! You are right – but interestingly, many sensors work by applying the same principle that a potentiometer does – adjusting resistance. Take a photo-resister for example – it can be used to sense light – because the resistance changes based on the brightness of light that it is exposed to – this change in resistance will adjust the amount of voltage that a pin on the receiving end will receive. So now the ball is in your court – what can you use analogRead() for? Try On Your Own Change the analog pin to A2. Make adjustments in the code and the circuit. Try a different potentiometer in the circuit, does it affect the range of values displayed? Further Reading analogRead() Analog Input Pins potentiometer tutorial – this is good…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
digitalRead() and the Serial Port 21:22

לפני 8 years21:22

21:22

As simple as it may seem, knowing when something is either on or off can be a great tool for designing something useful. This lesson will answer the following questions: Is a button being pressed? Has a switch been turned on? What is the on/off sensor status? When you can answer questions like these, you can implement actions based on the current status – if the button is pressed do this – otherwise, do that. If the sensor is HIGH take this action, otherwise do nothing. You get the gist. But before we can implement the actions, we have to be able to track the status and the changes of the digital pins. If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. You Will Need A momentary push button – this is a button that is spring-loaded, i.e. it never stays in a down position unless it’s held down. Jumper wires (3) A 10,000 Ohm resistor more commonly referred to as a 10K resistor A very ripe banana, (1) – not completely useful, but nutritious Step-by-Step Instructions Connect the pushbutton to the breadboard. Connect one side of the pushbutton to the 5-volt pin on the Arduino board using a jumper wire. Connect one side of the 10K resistor to the other side of the pushbutton. Connect the other side of the resistor to the ground pin on the Arduino. You may have to use a jumper wire to make it reach. On the same side, the resistor is connected to the pushbutton, connect a jumper wire and run it to pin 2 on the Arduino board. Connect the Arduino to your computer with the USB cable. Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button in the top left corner of the IDE. The Verify button will turn orange and then back to blue when it has completed compiling. Click the Upload Button (located to the immediate right of the Verify button). This button will also turn orange and then back to blue once the sketch is uploaded to the Arduino board. Now go to the menu bar at the top and select Tools > Serial Monitor. Or you could use the shortcut key, Shift + Control + M. The serial monitor window will open and will be spouting off numbers. It should be a bunch of zeros. Press and hold the pushbutton – watch the serial monitor window, the numbers should now be ones. If the numbers are not scrolling, make sure you click Autoscroll at the bottom left of the serial monitor window. digitalRead Serial Port Circuit This image built with Fritzing. The Arduino Code /* DigitalReadSerial Reads a digital input on pin 2, prints the result to the serial monitor This example code is in the public domain. */ // digital pin 2 has a pushbutton attached to it. Give it a name: int pushButton = 2; // the setup routine runs once: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); // make the pushbutton’s pin an input: pinMode(pushButton, INPUT); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input pin: int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); // print out the state of the button: Serial.println(buttonState); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 /* DigitalReadSerial Reads a digital input on pin 2, prints the result to the serial monitor This example code is in the public domain. */ // digital pin 2 has a pushbutton attached to it. Give it a name: int pushButton = 2; // the setup routine runs once: void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); // make the pushbutton’s pin an input: pinMode(pushButton, INPUT); } // the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { // read the input pin: int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); // print out the state of the button: Serial.println(buttonState); delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability } Discuss the Sketch This sketch opens with a multi-line comment containing a short description of the program and circuit. The first block of code following the comment is where we declare and initialize variables. From the last lesson, we are familiar with the integer data type. int pushButton = 2; //This is the pin that our push button is connected to. 1 int pushButton = 2; //This is the pin that our push button is connected to. Notice how the variable pushButton is declared and initialized all on the same line. Also, notice the descriptive name of the variable – pushButton – the variable name implies its use within the program – this is a good example to follow. Let’s consider what we have done so far – we have made a variable that will store the pin number that our pushbutton is connected to. The next block of code we come to is the setup(). Inside these wily curly brackets there are two functions – a familiar one, pinMode() and another which we will learn to love – Serial.begin(). Serial.begin() is part of a family of functions referred to as a library. The name of the library is the Serial library. A library is just a group of functions that work toward a similar purpose. If you had a Circus library, it might contain the functions juggle(), balance() and flamingCircleOfDeath(). To access the functions in a library, you write the name of the library followed by the name of the function in the library, with a period in between. Circus.juggle(); 1 Circus.juggle(); Arduino has many preinstalled libraries. There are also many community-contributed libraries that you can add. You can view all of the preinstalled libraries and some of the contributed libraries at http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries. So what does the Serial library do? The Serial library helps establish communication between your computer and the Arduino board. If you ever go to marriage counseling, you will learn that communication involves sending and receiving. Data can flow both ways. If we want to establish this communication, we use the begin() function from the Serial library. Serial.begin(9600); 1 Serial.begin(9600); The begin() function takes one argument – the baud rate. What is the baud rate you ask? It is the rate at which data will flow between your computer and the Arduino. For most Arduino sketches a baud rate of 9600 is used as the argument. That’s all you really need to know about the baud rate to get started with serial monitoring. But I have a feeling you want to know more, so if you check out the further reading section at the end of this tutorial, there will be some links to tempt your insatiable desire for acquiring an understanding of all things in the universe. The next function after Serial.begin() is the pinMode() function. We want to set the mode of a pin and what is cool about pinMode() this time around is that we are changing the arguments we pass to the function. Instead of being an OUTPUT (as in the Blink sketch), we want our pin to be an INPUT because we want to read voltage at this pin, not provide it. pinMode(pushButton, INPUT) ; 1 pinMode(pushButton, INPUT) ; Here we use the variable pushButton to let the function know we are setting the mode at pin 2. Then we use the keyword INPUT, to say which mode we want. Those are the only two functions in the setup() curly braces – and just as a reminder – setup() only runs once. The next block of code is the function loop(). What do we see inside the curly braces of the loop()? int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); 1 int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); Whoa! What the heck is this? It looks like the programmer is declaring a variable! I thought variables were declared at the top of the sketch. While variables are often declared before the setup() function, you can actually declare and initialize a variable just about anywhere in a sketch. Soon you will see why this placement is the way to go. Let’s break down this statement. First, look at the data type and the name. We declare an integer and name it buttonState. Notice the variable name buttonState is indicative of its purpose, as we will see this variable is assigned the position of the button. To initialize the variable, we see something altogether new – the variable is set equal to the output of a function called digitalRead(). This is going to take a little recall power on your part. Do you remember the reason for the word void in front of the loop() function? We had to write void because the function loop() does not return a value. But that is not the case for the function digitalRead(). The digitalRead() function returns an integer – either 1 or 0. This value is then assigned to the variable buttonState. If it is 1, the voltage at the pin is HIGH, if the value is 0, the voltage at the pin is LOW. What pin you ask? Well the pin you pass as an argument in the digitalRead() function. In this case, we send the variable pushButton, because we want to read the state of pin 2 (if you recall pushButton was initialized to equal 2). All of this is in the following line of code: int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); 1 int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton); This is why Arduino rocks – one line of code and you are on your way to dominating the world. Now the state of our pushbutton will be either HIGH (pressed) or LOW (not-pressed). HIGH will be reported as a 1, and LOW will be reported as 0. When we press the pushbutton, pin 2 is exposed to the 5-volts from the Arduino board, this is considered HIGH, and the digitalRead() function will return 1. If the button is not pressed, then all that pin 2 is exposed to is the ground voltage which is 0 and digitalRead() will return 0. Explanation of Digital Read Code In the next line of code we return to the Serial library for another function called println(). Serial.println(buttonState); 1 Serial.println(buttonState); The Serial.println() function returns the value of whatever variable you stick in as an argument. It will report this value to the serial monitor window on your Arduino IDE. To open up the serial monitor window all you have to do is click Tools > Serial Monitor (or SHIFT + CONTROL + M). This is one way to retrieve the data on your Arduino board. Keep in mind, that when you unplug your Arduino and use some batteries to charge it, the Serial.println() function won’t do you much good. But while you are creating the circuit and the sketch, there is no better way to troubleshoot than use the println() and print() functions from the Serial library. So let’s cover what we have done so far in the loop. First we read the state of digital pin 2 and save the state in a variable. Then we display the state in the serial monitor window. Finally, we use the delay() function and wait one millisecond – this allows the reading at the pin to stabilize. Once this is done, the loop starts from the top. We read another value at pin 2 – we are checking every time whether the button is pressed or not pressed – this value gets assigned to our buttonState variable, then we display the newly recorded value to serial monitor window – again. And we do this over and over – hundreds of times per second. So go ahead, press that button, watch the serial monitor window – I think you are already brewing applications for these functions… Try On Your Own Challenge Change the function Serial.println() to Serial.print(). What happens to the output in the serial monitor window? Can you tell the difference between the two functions? Change the pin that you are reading to pin 3. Make the circuit change and the changes to the sketch. Further Reading Baud Rate Serial Library Serial.begin() Serial.println() Serial.print()…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
How to Blink an LED with Arduino 14:39

לפני 8 years14:39

14:39

The first program you usually write when learning a new programming language is called, “Hello World”. Its only function is to display the words “Hello World” on the computer monitor. When learning to program microcontrollers such as the Arduino, the equivalent of “Hello World” is a program that blinks an LED. Guess what it is called – Blink. You Will Need An LED (any color works fine) A 220 Ohm Resistor An alligator clip (not essential but makes the circuit easier) Fourteen small and smooth rocks from the a western pacific island (not essential but adds an esoteric feel) NOTE: On most Arduino boards there is an LED soldered right by pin 13 – it is actually connected to pin 13 – so if you do not have an LED laying around (or a resistor for that matter), you can use the board mounted LED – it will blink with the same sketch. Step-by-Step Instructions Insert the short leg of the LED into the GND pin on your Arduino (use the GND pin closest to pin 13). Connect the 220 Ohm resistor to pin 13 on the Arduino. It doesn’t matter which way you connect the resistor. Use the alligator clip to connect the long leg of the LED to the other leg of the resistor. If you do not have an alligator clip, twist the two leads together as best you can to get a steady electrical connection. Plug the Arduino board into your computer with a USB cable. Open up the Arduino IDE. Open the sketch for this section. Click the Verify button on the top left. It should turn orange and then back to blue. Click the Upload button. It will also turn orange and then blue once the sketch has finished uploading to your Arduino board. Now monitor the Arduino board – the LED should be blinking. This image was made using Fritzing. The Arduino Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 /* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. Most Arduinos have an on-board LED you can control. On the Uno and Leonardo, it is attached to digital pin 13. If you're unsure what pin the on-board LED is connected to on your Arduino model, check the documentation at http://www.arduino.cc This example code is in the public domain. modified 8 May 2014 by Scott Fitzgerald */ // the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board void setup() { // initialize digital pin 13 as an output. pinMode(13, OUTPUT); } // the loop function runs over and over again forever void loop() { digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(13, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second } Discuss the Sketch On the previous page, you can see the Arduino code that constitutes the Blink program – make sure to read each line, even if doesn’t make any sense yet. Notice the comments at the top of the program. Note the use of the multi-line comments syntax /* */. It is always a good idea to take time and see what the programmer has to say about the sketch they wrote. The comments will likely be concise, describing how the program works or what it should accomplish. A few may even tell you how to connect the circuit. The next block of code you encounter in the Blink sketch is… 1 2 3 4 void setup( ) { // initialize the digital pin as an output. pinMode(led, OUTPUT); } Recall that the setup() function is in almost every Arduino sketch you encounter. Inside the curly braces is code that will only be run once by the Arduino. For this sketch notice the function pinMode() is inside the curly braces of the setup() function. Let me start by saying that pinMode() is a wonderful function. If you recall, functions can take arguments. The pinMode() function takes two arguments – it wants a pin number and a mode for that pin. The pin number is easy, 0 to 13 for digital pins, and A0 to A5 for analog pins. The mode is an easy designation as well, you want the pin to be either an INPUT (good for reading a sensor) or an OUTPUT (good for powering an LED). When a pin is set as an INPUT, it prepares the pin to read voltages that will be applied at the pin. When a pin is set as an OUTPUT, it prepares the pin to output voltage – more on this later. In this example, we want to light an LED, this requires that voltage is applied at pin 13. Therefore, we need the mode of pin 13 set as an OUTPUT. Keep in mind that setting the mode of the pin to OUTPUT does not apply a voltage, it enables the pin to supply a voltage once it is programmed to do so. Moving on to the final block of code, we come to our favorite and ubiquitous function void loop()… 1 2 3 4 5 6 void loop( ) { digitalWrite(led,HIGH);// turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(led,LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second } You may recall that void loop() runs over and over again. In this loop, we see two functions: digitalWrite() and delay(). The function digitalWrite() is used to apply either HIGH or LOW voltage to a pin. HIGH will apply 5 volts to the pin you designate and LOW will apply 0 volts. If you apply 5 volts to a pin that is connected through an LED to ground, then the LED will light up. There is a voltage difference between the pin and ground, thus current is able to flow through the LED. If you apply 0 volts to the same pin the LED will not light up because no current is being “pushed” through the circuit – the voltage at ground and at the pin are both zero. 1 2 digitalWrite() takes two arguments, the pin number and the level of voltage, either HIGH or LOW, as we have discussed above. digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) We want to start the loop by applying HIGH voltage to pin 13, where our LED is attached. In the digitalWrite() function we use the variable name ‘led’ to refer back to the value 13 – which was previously assigned. Notice that there is no need to explicitly write 13 in the digitalWrite() function, instead we are able to use the variable ‘led’. Variables are awesome like that – they can take the place of numbers and are much easier to change and track. Every time we use the ‘led’ variable, the Arduino will see 13. If we later decide to move our LED to pin 10, then all we have to do is change the value of ‘led’ once, and all the instances of ‘led’ are changed too. Once digitalWrite() function has been executed, the LED will get bright – we just applied 5 volts, so hey, that makes sense. The next thing we do is delay the Arduino sketch to enjoy the bright glow of our LED. To do this, we use the delay() function. The delay() function takes one argument – the number of milliseconds you want the program to delay. In this case, we want 1000 milliseconds, which equals one second. First we said, “apply high voltage” and now we say – wait one second. Our LED will glow for exactly one second. But that gets old, and we have to stay true to the name of the sketch, so next we tell the Arduino to write a LOW voltage to pin 13 – to do this we use the same function as before, namely digitalWrite(), but, this time, we want LOW voltage instead of HIGH. Now the LED goes dark because no current is flowing. In order to sustain that darkness we use the delay() function again for one second. Now the LED is dark for one second. We are at the end of the loop. We turned the LED on for a second, then we turned it off for a second – what next? Once the Arduino completes the loop, it starts at the top of the loop again and repeats like a broken record. Once again, the LED will light up, delay a second and then go dark for one second. And repeat – now you have a blinking LED – pretty cool for just a couple lines of code! Try on Your Own Challenge Change the value of the delay functions. What happens? Change the number of the led variable to 12 and move the long leg of your LED to pin 12. See what happens. Further Reading int pinMode() digitalWrite() delay()…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Understanding Variables 11:25

לפני 8 years11:25

11:25

Let’s have a discussion about a powerful and semi-confusing programming topic – variables. Arduino code variables are like buckets. You choose what types of stuff you want in the bucket and can change the contents as often as you like. When you declare a variable, you are telling the program two things, firstly – what types of things you plan to put in the bucket, and secondly, what the name of the bucket is so you can refer to it later. If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. If you tell the program you will be putting fluids in the bucket, then you can go all day filling it with beer, water, and iced tea – but the second you try to fill it with rocks, the compiler will call you out on your discrepancy. Only fluids go in a bucket declared for fluids. To declare a variable, you write the type of contents it will hold followed by the name: fluid bucketVariable; 1 fluid bucketVariable; Notice in the above declaration statement that the word fluid is a different color – that is because Arduino knows variable data types – and they get a special color to reduce confusion and of course because they are cool. There are several types of variable data types you can declare. In this lesson, we will discuss the integer data type. You probably know that an integer is a whole number (no decimals). For Arduino, an integer is a number from -32,768 to 32,767. If you try to put a number bigger than that into an integer variable, the value will roll over to the opposite side like a game of Pac-Man. If you add 5 to 32,767, you would get –32,764. If you subtracted 5 from -32,768 you would get 32,763. Integer is abbreviated int. Since an integer is an Arduino data type, it will change color to an orange. int led;// an integer variable called led. 1 int led;// an integer variable called led. The name of the variable can be whatever you want with certain restrictions. There are also a couple good conventions to follow… The variable name should be descriptive of its function, for example, the ledPin variable could be the pin number that you put your LED into on your Arduino board. By convention, most variables start lowercase. Variable names cannot be the same as keyword names. Now, what if we want to put something in the bucket? Well, we assign a value to the variable. When we first assign the value, it is called initialization, and we use the equal sign to do so. It looks like this. intled; //first we declare the variable led = 13; //now we initialize the variable 1 2 3 intled; //first we declare the variable led = 13; //now we initialize the variable Or, we can initialize and declare a variable at the same time… int led = 13; //declare and initialize a variable with a single statement 1 int led = 13; //declare and initialize a variable with a single statement Now if you are going to initialize a variable (that is assign it a value to hold) before the setup() function, then you must do it all in one line like this: int led = 13; void setup(){ } 1 2 3 4 5 int led = 13; void setup(){ } Or you can do it like this: int led; void setup(){ led = 13; } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 int led; void setup(){ led = 13; } Well, that’s all we will talk about variables for now. I hope you have a basic idea of how they are declared and initialized.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Understanding Arduino Syntax 10:23

לפני 8 years10:23

10:23

Arduino Code & Syntax Overview As you learned in Module 01, IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. Pretty fancy sounding, and should make you feel smart any time you use it. The IDE is a text editor-like program that allows you to write Arduino code. When you open the Arduino program, you are opening the IDE. It is intentionally streamlined to keep things as simple and straightforward as possible. When you save a file in Arduino, the file is called a sketch – a sketch is where you save the computer code you have written. The coding language that Arduino uses is very much like C++ (“see plus plus”), which is a common language in the world of computing. The code you learn to write for Arduino will be very similar to the code you write in any other computer language – all the basic concepts remain the same – it is just a matter of learning a new dialect should you pursue other programming languages. If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. The code you write is “human readable”, that is, it will make sense to you (sometimes), and will be organized for a human to follow. Part of the job of the IDE is to take the human readable code and translate it into machine-readable code to be executed by the Arduino. This process is called compiling. The process of compiling is seamless to the user. All you have to do is press a button. If you have errors in your computer code, the compiler will display an error message at the bottom of the IDE and highlight the line of code that seems to be the issue. The error message is meant to help you identify what you might have done wrong – sometimes the message is very explicit, like saying, “Hey – you forget a semicolon”, sometimes the error message is vague. Why be concerned with a semicolon you ask? A semicolon is part of the Arduino language syntax, the rules that govern how the code is written. It is like grammar in writing. Say for example we didn’t use periods when we wrote – everyone would have a heck of a time trying to figure out when sentences started and ended. Or if we didn’t employ the comma, how would we convey a dramatic pause to the reader? And let me tell you, if you ever had an English teacher with an overactive red pen, the compiler is ten times worse. In fact – your programs WILL NOT compile without perfect syntax. This might drive you crazy at first because it is very natural to forget syntax. As you gain experience programming you will learn to be assiduous about coding grammar. Let’s get our hands dirty and introduce some syntax. PIcture of Arduino Code Syntax The Semicolon ; A semicolon needs to follow every statement written in the Arduino programming language. For example… int LEDpin = 9; 1 int LEDpin = 9; In this statement, I am assigning a value to an integer variable (we will cover this later), notice the semicolon at the end. This tells the compiler that you have finished a chunk of code and are moving on to the next piece. A semicolon is to Arduino code, as a period is to a sentence. It signifies a complete statement. The Double Backslash for Single Line Comments // //When you type a double backslash all the text that follows on the same line will be grayed out 1 //When you type a double backslash all the text that follows on the same line will be grayed out Comments are what you use to annotate code. Good code is commented well. Comments are meant to inform you and anyone else who might stumble across your code, what the heck you were thinking when you wrote it. A good comment would be something like this… //This is the pin on the Arduino that the LED is plugged into int LEDpin = 9 1 2 //This is the pin on the Arduino that the LED is plugged into int LEDpin = 9 Now, in 3 months when I review this program, I know where to stick my LED. Comments will be ignored by the compiler – so you can write whatever you like in them. If you have a lot you need to explain, you can use a multi-line comment, shown below… /* The multi-line comment opens with a single backslash followed by an asterisk. Everything that follows is grayed out and will be ignored by the compiler, until you close the comment using first an asterisk and then a backslash like so */ 1 /* The multi-line comment opens with a single backslash followed by an asterisk. Everything that follows is grayed out and will be ignored by the compiler, until you close the comment using first an asterisk and then a backslash like so */ Comments are like the footnotes of code, except far more prevalent and not at the bottom of the page. Curly Braces { } Curly braces are used to enclose further instructions carried out by a function (we discuss functions next). There is always an opening curly bracket and a closing curly bracket. If you forget to close a curly bracket, the compiler will not like it and throw an error code. void loop() { //this curly brace opens //way cool program here } //this curly brace closes 1 2 3 void loop() { //this curly brace opens //way cool program here } //this curly brace closes Remember – no curly brace may go unclosed! Functions ( ) Let’s switch gears a bit and talk about functions. Functions are pieces of code that are used so often that they are encapsulated in certain keywords so that you can use them more easily. For example, a function could be the following set of instructions… Wash Dog 1. Get a bucket 2. Fill it with water 3. Add soap 4. Find dog 5. Lather dog 6. Wash dog 7. Rinse dog 8. Dry dog 9. Put away bucket 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wash Dog 1. Get a bucket 2. Fill it with water 3. Add soap 4. Find dog 5. Lather dog 6. Wash dog 7. Rinse dog 8. Dry dog 9. Put away bucket This set of simple instructions could be encapsulated in a function that we call WashDog. Every time we want to carry out all those instructions we just type WashDog and voila – all the instructions are carried out. In Arduino, there are certain functions that are used so often they have been built into the IDE. When you type them, the name of the function will appear orange. The function pinMode(), for example, is a common function used to designate the mode of an Arduino pin. What’s the deal with the parentheses following the function pinMode? Many functions require arguments to work. An argument is information the function uses when it runs. For our WashDog function, the arguments might be dog name and soap type, or temperature and size of the bucket. pinMode(13, OUTPUT); //Sets the mode of an Arduino pin 1 2 pinMode(13, OUTPUT); //Sets the mode of an Arduino pin The argument 13 refers to pin 13, and OUTPUT is the mode in which you want the pin to operate. When you enter these arguments the terminology is called passing. You pass the necessary information to the functions. Not all functions require arguments, but opening and closing parentheses will stay regardless though empty. millis( ); //Retrieves the length of time in milliseconds that the Arduino has been running 1 2 millis( ); //Retrieves the length of time in milliseconds that the Arduino has been running Notice that the word OUTPUT is blue. There are certain keywords in Arduino that are used frequently and the color blue helps identify them. The IDE turns them blue automatically. Now we won’t get into it here, but you can easily make your own functions in Arduino, and you can even get the IDE to color them for you. We will, however, talk about the two functions used in nearly EVERY Arduino program. void setup ( ) The function, setup(), as the name implies, is used to set up the Arduino board. The Arduino executes all the code that is contained between the curly braces of setup() only once. Typical things that happen in setup() are setting the modes of pins, starting void setup( ) { //the code between the curly braces is only run once for setup() 1 void setup( ) { //the code between the curly braces is only run once for setup() You might be wondering what void means before the function setup(). Void means that the function does not return information. Some functions do return values – our DogWash function might return the number of buckets it required to clean the dog. The function analogRead() returns an integer value between 0-1023. If this seems a bit odd now, don’t worry as we will cover every common Arduino function in depth as we continue the course. Let us review a couple things you should know about setup()… 1. setup() only runs once. 2. setup() needs to be the first function in your Arduino sketch. 3. setup() must have opening and closing curly braces. void loop( ) You have to love the Arduino developers because the function names are so telling. As the name implies, all the code between the curly braces in loop() is repeated over and over again – in a loop. The loop() function is where the body of your program will reside. As with setup(), the function loop() does not return any values, therefore the word void precedes it. void loop( ) { //whatever code you put here is executed over and over 1 void loop( ) { //whatever code you put here is executed over and over Does it seem odd to you that the code runs in one big loop? This apparent lack of variation is an illusion. Most of your code will have specific conditions laying in wait which will trigger new actions. If you have a temperature sensor connected to your Arduino for example, then when the temperature gets to a predefined threshold you might have a fan kick on. The looping code is constantly checking the temperature waiting to trigger the fan. So even though the code loops over and over, not every piece of the code will be executed every iteration of the loop. Try On Your Own This course is based around the example sketches provided with the Arduino IDE. Open up your Arduino IDE and go to File > Example > 01.Basics and open up three different sketches. Identify the following syntax and functions that you find in the sketches: ; semi-colons // single line comments /* */ multi-line comments { } open and closing curly braces ( ) parenthesis void setup() – identify the opening and closing curly braces void loop() – identify the opening and closing curly braces some blue keywords like OUTPUT or INPUT Further Reading Go to the Arduino Reference page and check out all the syntax under Further Syntax that we talked about. You will find some further useful info on each of these elements.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Arduino IDE and Sketch Overview 8:27

לפני 8 years8:27

8:27

IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. Pretty fancy sounding, and should make you feel smart anytime you use it. The IDE is a text editor like program that allows you to write computer code for your Arduino board. When you open up the Arduino program, you are opening the IDE. It is intentionally stream lined to keep things as simple and straightforward as possible. When you save a file in Arduino, the file is called a sketch - a sketch is where you save all the computer code that you have written. Lets take a look at some of the buttons on the IDE. The button that looks like a checkmark is called "verify". When you press this, your code will be compiled and any errors will be displayed in the window at the bottom. The short cut key for verify is Control + R. The button in the shape of an arrow pointing right is the upload button. When you press this, the sketch will be uploaded to your Arduino board. The short cut key for upload is Control + U. The button on the far right side of the screen is the serial monitor button. When you use the serial monitor functions, you can send and receive information from your Arduino board while it is running. We will talk much more about serial monitor later, but I just wanted to point it out now. The shortcut key for serial monitor is Shift + Control + M. *Try On Your Own: This course is based around the example sketches provided with the Arduino IDE. Open up your Arduino IDE and go to File - Example - 01.Basics and open up three different sketches. Try loading the sketches to your Arduino using the mouse and the key board short cuts. *Further Reading:* Check out this Arduino.cc webpage and see if you can identify a couple things you learned and pick up on other things I did not cover.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Download & Install the Arduino IDE 5:17

לפני 8 years5:17

5:17

One of the absolute best things about the Arduino IDE and platform is how easy it is to get started. The software that is installed on your computer is completely free and designed specifically for ease of use. The program is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE. The fancy name might intimidate you, but it runs just like a text editing program. As with any software install, you may have some peculiar things working on your computer that can hinder a smooth installation. I have loaded the Arduino several times on different operating systems and have had few problems. Once or twice I had to re-download the zip file that contains the Arduino IDE because somehow or other it got messed up during the download process. You may have to install drivers yourself for your Arduino board – this turns out to be fairly easy and is clearly explained on the Arduino.cc website. To provide you with the most accurate and up to date information about downloading and installing the Arduino IDE, I defer to the Arduino “Getting Started” page. They have done such a clear and concise job of describing the process, I see no reason to repeat it here.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Tutorial 01: Hardware Overview 8:15

לפני 8 years8:15

8:15

What are all the components on that aesthetically pleasing blue Arduino circuit board? What does GND stand for, and what is with the "~" mark next to those plastic lifted holes mean? This tutorial covers the hardware on the Arduino board that you will likely use as you work on projects. It is by no means a comprehensive study of the physical layout, but enough to make you familiar with the parts you will be using. On an aside - isn't the packaging great too? Clean, compact and appealing - overall fun to open.…

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Introduction to the Arduino Crash Course 5:45

לפני 8 years5:45

5:45

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
What can you do with Arduino? Let's get pumped! 3:12

לפני 8 years3:12

3:12

I want to get you excited about the possibilities when you learn some basic programming and electronics that drive the Arduino. It is literally amazing what you can do.

Learn Programming and Electronics with Arduino

1
Prelude to the Arduino Crash Course 1:14

לפני 8 years1:14

1:14

The premise of our course is that Arduino is a tool to assist in prototyping your imagination.

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