102 Query optimization

Postgres FM

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הוסף לפני three שנים

תוכן מסופק על ידי Michael Christofides and Nikolay Samokhvalov. כל תוכן הפודקאסטים כולל פרקים, גרפיקה ותיאורי פודקאסטים מועלים ומסופקים ישירות על ידי Michael Christofides and Nikolay Samokhvalov או שותף פלטפורמת הפודקאסט שלהם. אם אתה מאמין שמישהו משתמש ביצירה שלך המוגנת בזכויות יוצרים ללא רשותך, אתה יכול לעקוב אחר התהליך המתואר כאן https://he.player.fm/legal.

Lost Cultures: Living Legacies

1
Bermuda: The Crossroads of the Atlantic 51:57

לפני 12 ימים51:57

הפעל מאוחר יותר

רשימות

לייק

אהבתי

51:57

On the Season 2 debut of Lost Cultures: Living Legacies , we travel to Bermuda, an Atlantic island whose history spans centuries and continents. Once uninhabited, Bermuda became a vital stop in transatlantic trade, a maritime stronghold, and a cultural crossroads shaped by African, European, Caribbean, and Native American influences. Guests Dr. Kristy Warren and Dr. Edward Harris trace its transformation from an uninhabited island to a strategic outpost shaped by shipwrecks, colonization, the transatlantic slave trade, and the rise and fall of empires. Plus, former Director of Tourism Gary Phillips shares the story of the Gombey tradition, a vibrant performance art rooted in resistance, migration, and cultural fusion. Together, they reveal how Bermuda’s layered past continues to shape its people, culture, and identity today. You can also find us online at ⁠travelandleisure.com/lostcultures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices…

לפני 3 שנים 31:28

MP3•בית הפרקים

Here are links to a few things we mentioned:

pg_plan_advsr
How partial, covering, and multicolumn indexes may slow down UPDATEs (blog post by Nikolay)
Why Uber Switched from Postgres to MySQL (blog post)
pganalyze index advisor
Nancy bot (project is not active)
pgreplay
pgreplay go
Real Application Testing on YugabyteDB with pgreplay (blog post by Franck Pachot)
pg_query
Database Lab thin clones
Migrating to Aurora: easy except the bill (blog post by Kimberley Nicholls)

------------------------

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @PostgresFM or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc.

If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!)

Postgres FM is brought to you by:

Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai
Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard

With special thanks to:

Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork

146 פרקים

#Tech #News #Tech News #Michael Christofides #Nikolay Samokhvalov #Postgres #PostgreSQL #Database #SQL #Technology

Postgres FM

102 Query optimization

Postgres FM

37 subscribers

published לפני 3 שנים

שתפו

MP3•בית הפרקים

Here are links to a few things we mentioned:

pg_plan_advsr
How partial, covering, and multicolumn indexes may slow down UPDATEs (blog post by Nikolay)
Why Uber Switched from Postgres to MySQL (blog post)
pganalyze index advisor
Nancy bot (project is not active)
pgreplay
pgreplay go
Real Application Testing on YugabyteDB with pgreplay (blog post by Franck Pachot)
pg_query
Database Lab thin clones
Migrating to Aurora: easy except the bill (blog post by Kimberley Nicholls)

------------------------

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @PostgresFM or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc.

If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!)

Postgres FM is brought to you by:

Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai
Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard

With special thanks to:

Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork

146 פרקים

#Tech #News #Tech News #Michael Christofides #Nikolay Samokhvalov #Postgres #PostgreSQL #Database #SQL #Technology

כל הפרקים

Postgres FM

1
How to move off RDS 47:33

לפני 3 ימים47:33

47:33

Nikolay and Michael discuss moving off managed services — when and why you might want to, and some tips on how for very large databases. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patroni pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g Hetzner Cloud https://www.hetzner.com/cloud Postgres Extensions Day https://pgext.day pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache auto_explain https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.html Fivetran https://www.fivetran.com pgcopydb https://github.com/dimitri/pgcopydb Kafka https://kafka.apache.org Debezium https://debezium.io max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE log_statement DDL https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-STATEMENT PgBouncer pause/resume https://www.pgbouncer.org/usage.html#pause-db ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Locks 38:53

לפני 10 ימים38:53

38:53

Nikolay and Michael discuss heavyweight locks in Postgres — how to think about them, why you can't avoid them, and some tips for minimising issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Locking (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html Postgres rocks, except when it blocks (blog post by Marco Slot) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2018/02/15/when-postgresql-blocks/ Lock Conflicts (tool by Hussein Nasser) https://pglocks.org/ log_lock_waits (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LOCK-WAITS How to analyze heavyweight lock trees (guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0042_how_to_analyze_heavyweight_locks_part_2.md Lock management (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-locks.html Our episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Top ten dangerous issues 46:28

לפני 24 ימים46:28

46:28

Nikolay and Michael discuss ten dangerous Postgres related issues — ones that might be painful enough to get onto the CTO and even CEOs desk, and then what you can do proactively. The ten issues discussed are: Heavy lock contention Bloat control and index maintenance Lightweight lock contention Transaction ID wraparound 4-byte integer PKs hitting the limit Replication limits Hard limits Data loss Poor HA choice (split brain) Corruption of various kinds Some previous episodes they mentioned that cover the issues in more detail: PgDog https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdog Performance cliffs https://postgres.fm/episodes/performance-cliffs Zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Bloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance Subtransactions https://postgres.fm/episodes/subtransactions Four million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tps Transaction ID wraparound https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction-id-wraparound pg_squeeze https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_squeeze synchronous_commit https://postgres.fm/episodes/synchronous_commit Managed service support https://postgres.fm/episodes/managed-service-support And finally, some other things they mentioned: A great recent SQL Server-related podcast episode on tuning techniques https://kendralittle.com/2024/05/20/erik-darling-and-kendra-little-rate-sql-server-performance-tuning-techniques/ Postgres Indexes, Partitioning and LWLock:LockManager Scalability (blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability/ Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPg pg_stat_wal https://pgpedia.info/p/pg_stat_wal.html The benefit of lz4 and zstd for Postgres WAL compression (Small Datum blog, Mark Callaghan) https://smalldatum.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-benefit-of-lz4-and-zstd-for.html Split-brain in case of network partition (CloudNativePG issue/discussion) https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg/discussions/7462 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
synchronous_commit 50:53

לפני 4 weeks50:53

50:53

Nikolay and Michael discuss synchronous_commit — what it means on single node setups, for synchronous replication setups, and the pros and cons of the different options for each. Here are some links to things they mentioned: synchronous_commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMIT synchronous_commit history on pgPedia https://pgpedia.info/s/synchronous_commit.html Patroni’s maximum_lag_on_failover setting https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/master/replication_modes.html#asynchronous-mode-durability wal_writer_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-WRITER-DELAY Selective asynchronous commits in PostgreSQL - balancing durability and performance (blog post by Shayon Mukherjee) https://www.shayon.dev/post/2025/75/selective-asynchronous-commits-in-postgresql-balancing-durability-and-performance/ Asynchronous Commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-async-commit.html synchronous_standby_names https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-STANDBY-NAMES Jepson article about Amazon RDS multi-AZ clusters (by Kyle Kingsbury, aka "Aphyr”) https://jepsen.io/analyses/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-17.4 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Managed service support 35:37

לפני 5 weeks35:37

35:37

Nikolay and Michael discuss managed service support — some tips on how to handle cases that aren't going well, tips for requesting features, whether to factor in support when choosing service provider, and whether to use one at all. Here are some links to things they mentioned: YugabyteDB’s new upgrade framework https://www.yugabyte.com/blog/postgresql-upgrade-framework Episode on Blue-green deployments https://postgres.fm/episodes/blue-green-deployments pg_createsubscriber https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgcreatesubscriber.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Time-series considerations 42:42

לפני 7 weeks42:42

42:42

Nikolay and Michael discuss time-series considerations for Postgres — including when it matters, some tips for avoiding issues, performance considerations, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Time series data https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series TimescaleDB https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb 13 Tips to Improve PostgreSQL Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance Why we're leaving the cloud (37 Signals / Basecamp / David Heinemeier Hansson) https://world.hey.com/dhh/why-we-re-leaving-the-cloud-654b47e0 UUID v7 and partitioning (“how to” by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0065_uuid_v7_and_partitioning_timescaledb.md pg_cron https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron pg_partman https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman Our episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexes Tutorial from Citus (Andres Freund and Marco Slot) including rollups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ybz6zuXCPo IoT with PostgreSQL (talk by Chris Ellis) https://youtube.com/watch?v=KnUoDBGv4aw&t=58 pg_timeseries https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_timeseries DuckDB https://duckdb.org ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Performance cliffs 38:08

לפני 8 weeks38:08

38:08

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Tomas Vondra to discuss single query performance cliffs — what they are, why they happen, some things we can do to make them less likely or less severe, and some potential improvements to Postgres that could help. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Tomas Vondra https://postgres.fm/people/tomas-vondra Where do performance cliffs come from? (Talk by Tomas) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzdAelm-QSY Where do performance cliffs come from? (Slides) https://vondra.me/pdf/performance-cliffs-posette-2024.pdf Increase the number of fast-path lock slots (committed for Postgres 18) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/E1ss4gX-000IvX-63%40gemulon.postgresql.org San Francisco Bay Area Postgres meet-up with Tomas on 8th April (online) https://www.meetup.com/postgresql-1/events/306484787 Our episode on Extended Statistics https://postgres.fm/episodes/extended-statistics Logging plan of the currently running query (proposed patch by Rafael Thofehrn Castro and Atsushi Torikoshi) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5330 Our episode with Peter Geoghegan on Skip Scan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan Index Prefetching patch that Tomas is collaborating with Peter Geoghegan on https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/4351 A generalized join algorithm, G-Join (paper by Goetz Graefe) https://dl.gi.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce8e3fab-0bac-45fc-a6d4-66edaa52d574/content Smooth Scan: Robust Access Path Selection without Cardinality Estimation (paper by R. Borovica, S. Idreos, A. Ailamaki, M. Zukowski, C. Fraser) https://stratos.seas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum4611/files/stratos/files/smoothscan.pdf Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/jit.html Notes from a pgconf.dev unconference session in 2024 about JIT (discusses issues) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PGConf.dev_2024_Developer_Unconference#JIT_compilation Implementing an alternative JIT provider for PostgreSQL (by Xing Guo) https://higuoxing.com/archives/implementing-jit-provider-for-pgsql Tomas’ Office Hours https://vondra.me/posts/office-hours-experiment ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
PgDog 48:34

לפני 9 weeks48:34

48:34

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Lev Kokotov to discuss PgDog — including whether or when sharding is needed, the origin story (via PgCat), what's already supported, and what's coming next. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Lev Kokotov https://postgres.fm/people/lev-kokotov PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog PgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcat Adopting PgCat (Instacart blog post) https://www.instacart.com/company/how-its-made/adopting-pgcat-a-nextgen-postgres-proxy PgDog discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43364668 Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Sharding & IDs at Instagram (blog post) https://instagram-engineering.com/sharding-ids-at-instagram-1cf5a71e5a5c Sharding pgvector (blog post by Lev) https://pgdog.dev/blog/sharding-pgvector ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Snapshots 44:05

לפני 10 weeks44:05

44:05

Nikolay talks Michael through using cloud snapshots — how they can be used to reduce RTO for huge Postgres setups, also to improve provisioning time, and some major catches to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Snapshots on RDS https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_CreateSnapshot.html pgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g pg_backup_start and pg_backup_stop (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP How to troubleshoot long Postgres startup (by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0003_how_to_troubleshoot_long_startup.md Restoring to a DB instance (RDS docs mentioning lazy loading) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html Amazon EBS fast snapshot restore https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-fast-snapshot-restore.html Our 100th episode “To 100TB, and beyond!” https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
GIN Indexes 40:59

לפני 11 weeks40:59

40:59

Nikolay and Michael discuss GIN indexes in Postgres — what they are, what they're used for, and some limitations to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned: GIN Indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Hellerstein, Naughton, Pfeffer) https://dsf.berkeley.edu/papers/vldb95-gist.pdf RUM extension https://pgxn.org/dist/rum/1.1.0/ Understanding Postgres GIN Indexes: The Good and the Bad (Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/gin-index ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Best Practices 40:49

לפני 12 weeks40:49

40:49

Nikolay and Michael use a recent "best practices" article as a prompt — giving a few tips each on the topics mentioned, like schema design, performance, backups, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: 7 Crucial PostgreSQL Best Practices (recent blog post) https://speakdatascience.com/postgresql-best-practices “Don't do this” episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/dont-do-this Article discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42992913 Mozilla’s SQL Style Guide https://docs.telemetry.mozilla.org/concepts/sql_style “SQL vs NoSQL” episode with Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/episodes/sql-vs-nosql HA episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/high-availability ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Extended Statistics 32:41

לפני 13 weeks32:41

32:41

Nikolay and Michael discuss the CREATE STATISTICS feature in Postgres — what it's for, how often it's used, and how to spot cases where it would help. Here are some links to things they mentioned: CREATE STATISTICS https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createstatistics.html citext https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/citext.html Statistics Used by the Planner https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/planner-stats.html default_statistics_target https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-DEFAULT-STATISTICS-TARGET Tomáš Vondra on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8la-OWfD3VI Recent commit to Postgres 18 for pg_upgrade https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=1fd1bd871012732e3c6c482667d2f2c56f1a9395 Multivariate Statistics Examples https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/multivariate-statistics-examples.html Extended statistics (README) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/statistics/README How we used Postgres extended statistics to achieve a 3000x speedup (blog post by Jared Rulison) https://build.affinity.co/how-we-used-postgres-extended-statistics-to-achieve-a-3000x-speedup-ea93d3dcdc61 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
SQL vs NoSQL 50:01

לפני 15 weeks50:01

50:01

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Franck Pachot to discuss SQL vs NoSQL — did Franck change teams by joining MongoDB, normalisation vs denormalisation, developer experience, NULLs, and more! Here are some links to things they mentioned: Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/people/franck-pachot Franck's workshop at PGConf India https://pgconf.in/conferences/pgconfin2025/program/proposals/958 PostgreSQL Conference Germany https://2025.pgconf.de "Schema Later" Considered Harmful by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/schema-later-considered-harmful Comparison of JOINS by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/comparison-joins-mongodb-vs-postgresql Franck’s post about why he joined MongoDB https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2025-im-joining-mongodb-franck-pachot-e4shf EdgeDB https://www.edgedb.com Nikolay’s tweet about a recent issue with NULLs https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1889078097124999272 PartiQL https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ql-reference.html FerretDB https://www.ferretdb.com DocumentDB https://github.com/microsoft/documentdb ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Return of the BUFFERS 51:46

לפני 16 weeks51:46

51:46

Nikolay and Michael return to the topic of BUFFERS for the third (and final?) time! They discuss the news that it'll be on by default with EXPLAIN ANALYZE in Postgres 18, and what effect that might have. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our first BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Our second BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 https://explain.depesz.com/history Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832 Twitter conversation about flushing caches https://x.com/prochazkafilip/status/1881655337499205736 pg_buffercache_evict https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.html#PGBUFFERCACHE-PG-BUFFERCACHE-EVICT How to compare the quality of SQL query plans (blog post by Andrei Lepikhov) https://danolivo.substack.com/p/whose-optimisation-is-better We were added as PostgreSQL Contributors! https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/new-postgresql-contributors-3006 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Reads causing writes 26:48

לפני 18 weeks26:48

26:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss a couple of surprising ways read queries (selects) can cause writes (shared buffers dirtied) in Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Reads causing writes in Postgres (post by Alex Jesipow) https://jesipow.com/blog/postgres-reads-cause-writes/ Exploring how SELECT queries can produce disk writes (post by Nikolay Sivko) https://blog.okmeter.io/postgresql-exploring-how-select-queries-can-produce-disk-writes-f36c8bee6b6f Hint Bits (wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Hint_Bits pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling BUFFERS by default (episode 4!) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Page layout (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-page-layout.html From Reddit (user merlinm), PD_ALL_VISIBLE may be a third case https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1hjuyfn/comment/m3e6e7v/ Coroot https://coroot.com/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
NOT VALID constraints 33:56

לפני 19 weeks33:56

33:56

Nikolay and Michael discuss adding constraints in an online fashion, using NOT VALID and then VALIDATE CONSTRAINT. Here are some links to things they mentioned: ADD table_constraint NOT VALID https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-ADD-TABLE-CONSTRAINT Our episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations VALIDATE CONSTRAINT https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-VALIDATE-CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-NOTES pgroll https://github.com/xataio/pgroll ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_squeeze 36:26

לפני 20 weeks36:26

36:26

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Antonín Houska to discuss pg_squeeze — what it is, how it started, some of its features, and hopes of getting the functionality into core. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Antonín Houska https://postgres.fm/people/antonin-houska pg_squeeze https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeeze Cybertec https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com pg_repack https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack Introducing pg_squeeze (by Kaarel Moppel) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/introducing-pg_squeeze-a-postgresql-extension-to-auto-rebuild-bloated-tables pg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL APT packages https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt pg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL Yum packages https://yum.postgresql.org pg_rewrite https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_rewrite VACUUM FULL / CLUSTER CONCURRENTLY patch https://commitfest.postgresql.org/51/5117 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_duckdb 40:08

לפני 21 weeks40:08

40:08

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Joe Sciarrino and Jelte Fennema-Nio to discuss pg_duckdb — what it is, how it started, what early users are using it for, and what they're working on next. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Joe Sciarrino https://postgres.fm/people/joe-sciarrino Jelte Fennema-Nio https://postgres.fm/people/jelte-fennema-nio pg_duckdb https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb Hydra https://www.hydra.so MotherDuck https://motherduck.com The problems and benefits of an elephant with a beak (lightning talk by Jelte) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogvbKE4fw9A&list=PLF36ND7b_WU4QL6bA28NrzBOevqUYiPYq&t=1073s pg_duckdb announcement post (by Jordan and Brett from MotherDuck) https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduck pg_duckdb 0.2 release https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb/releases/tag/v0.2.0 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
RLS vs performance 40:48

לפני 23 weeks40:48

40:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss Row Level Security in Postgres, focussing on the performance side effects and some tips to avoid (or minimize) them. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Row Security Policies (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.html 7+ million Postgres tables (recent talk by Kailash Nadh) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhi5Q_wL9i0 Row Level Security guide (Supabase docs) https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/row-level-security current_setting function https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#id-1.5.8.34.3.6.2.2.1.1.1.1 Our slow count episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count RLS Performance and Best Practices (gist from Gary Austin) https://github.com/orgs/supabase/discussions/14576 Everything you need to know about Postgres Row Level Security (talk by Paul Copplestone) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZT1Qx2xUCo BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 Add UUID version 7 generation function (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=78c5e141e9c139fc2ff36a220334e4aa25e1b0eb Postgres hacking session with Andrey and Kirk (for UUIDv7): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPq_hiOE-N8 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
jOOQ 50:31

לפני 24 weeks50:31

50:31

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Lukas Eder, the creator of jOOQ, to discuss what it is, some nice developer experience features it has, and some fun things he's come across from a Postgres perspective. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Lukas Eder https://postgres.fm/people/lukas-eder jOOQ https://www.jooq.org/ DSL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language SQL Dialects https://www.jooq.org/javadoc/latest/org.jooq/org/jooq/SQLDialect.html MERGE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.html match_recognize https://modern-sql.com/feature/match_recognize JOOQ, joy of SQL (talk by Kevin Davin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ej47GZX9D8 BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 PostGIS https://postgis.net/ 10 SQL Tricks That You Didn’t Think Were Possible (blog post by Lukas) https://blog.jooq.org/10-sql-tricks-that-you-didnt-think-were-possible/ jOOQ questions on Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/jooq Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Column Tetris 41:06

לפני 25 weeks41:06

41:06

Nikolay and Michael discuss "Column Tetris" — what it is, why it matters, how to order columns for new tables, and how to re-organise existing ones. Here are some links to things they mentioned: “Column Tetris” by Erwin Brandstetter on Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2966524/calculating-and-saving-space-in-postgresql/7431468#7431468 Data Types https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html OrioleDB beta7 benchmarks https://www.orioledb.com/blog/orioledb-beta7-benchmarks pg_hexedit https://github.com/petergeoghegan/pg_hexedit Saving Space Basically for Free (blog post by James Coleman from Braintree) https://medium.com/paypal-tech/postgresql-at-scale-saving-space-basically-for-free-d94483d9ed9a Ordering Table Columns (GitLab https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/database/ordering_table_columns.html postgres_dba alignment padding query https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dba/blob/master/sql/p1_alignment_padding.sql Good explanation from Marco Slot of how alignment was used to fix a recent issue https://x.com/marcoslot/status/1858132850383421570 pg_repack feature request discussion https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/issues/101 Our episode on bloat (with Chelsea Dole) https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Optimizing table layout for maximum efficiency (blog post by Renato Massaro) https://r.ena.to/blog/optimizing-postgres-table-layout-for-maximum-efficiency ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_stat_statements track_planning 37:55

לפני 26 weeks37:55

37:55

Nikolay and Michael discuss the track_planning parameter of pg_stat_statements — what it is, how it affects performance, and when or whether you should switch it on. Here are some links to things they mentioned: pg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.40.9.2.4.1.3 Our episode about pg_stat_statements https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_stat_statements PostgreSQL 13.0 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/release/13.0/ track_planning causing performance regression (thread on hackers during v13 beta) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/2895b53b033c47ccb22972b589050dd9%40EX13D05UWC001.ant.amazon.com Our episode on 4 million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tps Observer effect in pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache (Postgres TV Hacking session with Andrey and Kirk) https://www.youtube.com/live/wHMNX-fHb2A?si=DPgmrPaSpPF6DxuS ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Is pg_dump a backup tool? 48:44

לפני 27 weeks48:44

48:44

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek and Robert Haas to discuss both the technical question of whether or not pg_dump is a backup tool, as well as the tone and intent behind the statement "pg_dump is not a backup tool". Here are some links to things they mentioned: Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek https://postgres.fm/people/gulcin-yildirim-jelinek Robert Haas https://postgres.fm/people/robert-haas Why you should upgrade PostgreSQL today (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/cve-2024-7348-postgres-upgrade If pg_dump is not a backup tool, what is? (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/pgdump-is-not-a-backup-tool Is pg_dump a backup tool? (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/10/is-pgdump-backup-tool.html?m=1 Why pg_dump is amazing (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/11/why-pgdump-is-amazing.html Avoid too prominent use of "backup" on pg_dump man page (commit by Peter Eisentraut) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=4f29394ea941f688fd4faf7260d2c198931ca797 Is pg_dump a backup tool? (poll by Nikolay with options Yes / No / Define backup) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1847015453056786771 What's the best way to make a backup (a recent example discussion on Reddit) https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1gu4r05/whats_the_best_way_to_make_a_backup/ Hackers mailing list https://www.postgresql.org/list/pgsql-hackers/ Praise, Criticism, and Dialogue (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2023/12/praise-criticism-and-dialogue.html Out-of-cycle release scheduled for November 21, 2024 https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/out-of-cycle-release-scheduled-for-november-21-2024-2958/ pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest Barman https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/barman Our previous episode on backups https://postgres.fm/episodes/backups ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Append-only tables 44:07

לפני 28 weeks44:07

44:07

Nikolay and Michael discuss append-only tables in Postgres — what they are, some unique challenges they bring, and some options for compressing / removing / offloading the data eventually. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Append-only https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Append-only Our episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexes Tips to Improve Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance/ Our episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-autovacuum.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-VACUUM-INSERT-SCALE-FACTOR Our episode about compression https://postgres.fm/episodes/compression New project announced recently called BemiDB https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1854726389603484145 pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Denormalization 35:08

לפני 29 weeks35:08

35:08

Nikolay and Michael discuss denormalization in Postgres — when and why to denormalize things, and a couple of specific cases Nikolay came across recently. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Denormalization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denormalization Our episode on materialized views https://postgres.fm/episodes/materialized-views Our episode on data model trade-offs https://postgres.fm/episodes/data-model-trade-offs Our episode with Markus Winand https://postgres.fm/episodes/modern-sql Universal Relation Data Modelling Considered Harmful (blog post by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/universal-relation-data-modelling-considered-harmful Boyce–Codd normal form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce%E2%80%93Codd_normal_form Our episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count pg_ivm https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm denorm https://github.com/rivethealth/denorm Postgres Materialized Views, The Timescale Way (blog post by David Kohn) https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-way/ PgQ https://github.com/pgq/pgq Databases, types, and the relational model (by C.J. Date and Hugh Darwen) https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hugh/TTM/DTATRM.pdf ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres online communities 38:09

לפני 30 weeks38:09

38:09

Nikolay and Michael discuss online Postgres communities — the ones they prefer, the types of conversations in each, and some other places to ask questions or follow news. Here are some links to things they mentioned: https://www.postgresql.org/community Mailing lists https://www.postgresql.org/list IRC https://www.postgresql.org/community/irc Slack https://pgtreats.info/slack-invite Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/postgres DBA Stack Exchange https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/postgres Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL Discord https://discord.gg/bW2hsax8We How to run ANALYZE (merge request discussion) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/merge_requests/35 This episode on YouTube https://postgresqlco.nf Planet PostgreSQL https://planet.postgresql.org Postgres Weekly https://postgresweekly.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Advanced psql 52:37

לפני 31 weeks52:37

52:37

Nikolay and Michael discuss some cool things you can do with psql, the official CLI that ships with Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: psql docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-psql.html Our episode on psql vs GUIs https://postgres.fm/episodes/psql-vs-guis postgres_dba https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dba Our episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletes Postgres hacking session on \watch with limited number of loops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTV8XhWf3mo pspg https://github.com/okbob/pspg Our episode on Postgres gotchas https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-gotchas current_setting() and set_config() docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET psql tips (site by Lætitia Avrot) https://psql-tips.org ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres Gotchas 40:19

לפני 32 weeks40:19

40:19

Nikolay and Michael discuss some Postgres Gotchas, things you might expect to work one way in fact working another way. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Postgres Gotchas (list by Ian Barwick) https://sql-info.de/postgresql/postgres-gotchas.html Our episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count Discussion on X about major version upgrades and statistics https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1844593601638260850 Our episode on upgrades https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades Statistics Import and Export (commitfest entry which link to email thread) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/50/4538/ vacuumdb https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-vacuumdb.html vacuum_cost_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-VACUUM-COST-DELAY Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need lock_timeout and retries (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retries Postgres Hacking 101: adding params, prevent_unqualified_deletes and prevent_unqualified_updates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=samLkrC5xQA PostgREST suggestion to use pg-safeupdate https://docs.postgrest.org/en/v12/integrations/pg-safeupdate.html#pg-safeupdate DBOS (new company co-founded by Michael Stonebraker) https://www.dbos.dev ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Advanced EXPLAIN 48:47

לפני 33 weeks48:47

48:47

Nikolay and Michael discuss some more advanced topics around EXPLAIN, including some tips for complex query plans, some recent improvements, and an idea or two that might make it even better. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Michael’s solo episode on EXPLAIN basics https://postgres.fm/episodes/explain Our episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain Which cloud providers support auto_explain? (Blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/which-cloud-providers-support-auto-explain psychopg https://www.psycopg.org Our first episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Our second episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel track_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMING compute_query_id https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-COMPUTE-QUERY-ID EXPLAIN: beyond the basics (talk by Michael) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGkSOvuaPs4 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Patroni 45:33

לפני 34 weeks45:33

45:33

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Alexander Kukushkin, PostgreSQL contributor and maintainer of Patroni, to discuss all things Patroni — what it is, how it works, recent improvements, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Alexander Kukushkin https://postgres.fm/people/alexander-kukushkin Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patroni Spilo https://github.com/zalando/spilo Zalando Postgres Operator https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator Crunchy Data Postgres Operator https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator Split-brain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain_(computing) repmgr https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/repmgr CloudNativePG https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg Patroni release notes https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/latest/releases.html Citus & Patroni talk and demo by Alexander (at Citus Con 2023) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw8O9d0ez7E ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres 17 42:03

לפני 35 weeks42:03

42:03

Nikolay and Michael discuss the fresh new Postgres 17 release! They cover several performance improvements, favourite new features, and some considerations for upgrading. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Postgres 17 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html transaction_timeout episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction_timeout VACUUM improvements discussed towards end of episode with Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/episodes/getting-started-with-benchmarking B-tree improvements discussed in episdode with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan As Rails developers, why we are excited about PostgreSQL 17 (blog post by Benoit Tigeot) https://benoittgt.github.io/blog/postgres_17_rails/ Real World Performance Gains With Postgres 17 B-tree Bulk Scans (blog post by Brandur Leach) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/real-world-performance-gains-with-postgres-17-btree-bulk-scans MERGE RETURNING came up towards end of episode with Haki Benita https://postgres.fm/episodes/get-or-create uuid_extract_timestamp and uuid_extract_version functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-uuid.html Episode on UUID https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuid Partitioning by ULID https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning-by-ulid Why Upgrade? (site by depesz) https://why-upgrade.depesz.com Why we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions (GitLab blog post) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2021/09/29/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactions Synchronization of sequences to subscriber (patch that needs review!) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/49/5111 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Planning time 42:17

לפני 36 weeks42:17

42:17

Nikolay and Michael discuss planning time in Postgres — what it is, how to spot issues, its relationship to things like partitioning, and some tips for avoiding issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Query Planning (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html Are there limits to partition counts? (Blog post by depesz) https://www.depesz.com/2021/01/17/are-there-limits-to-partition-counts Nikolays recent experiment https://postgres.ai/chats/01920004-a982-7896-b8cb-dfd2406359b0 PgBouncer now supports prepared statements https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer/releases/tag/pgbouncer_1_21_0 “The year of the lock manager’s revenge” (from blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability pg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.42.9.2.4.1.3 pg_hint_plan https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Slow count 43:25

לפני 37 weeks43:25

43:25

Nikolay and Michael discuss why counting can be slow in Postgres, and what the options are for counting things quickly at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Aggregate functions (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-aggregate.html PostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest Get rid of count by default in PostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/273 Faster PostgreSQL Counting (by Joe Nelson on the Citus blog) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2016/10/12/count-performance Our episode on Index-Only Scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scans Postgres HyperLogLog https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hll Our episode on Row estimates https://postgres.fm/episodes/row-estimates Our episode about dangers of NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Aggregate expressions, including FILTER https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATES Spread writes for counter cache (tip from Tobias Petry) https://x.com/tobias_petry/status/1475870220422107137 pg_ivm extension (Incremental View Maintenance) https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm pg_duckdb announcement https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduck Our episode on Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Our episode on Real-time analytics https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analytics ClickHouse acquired PeerDB https://clickhouse.com/blog/clickhouse-acquires-peerdb-to-boost-real-time-analytics-with-postgres-cdc-integration Timescale Continuous Aggregates https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-way Timescale editions https://docs.timescale.com/about/latest/timescaledb-editions Loose indexscan https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscan ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Skip scan 57:49

לפני 38 weeks57:49

57:49

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Peter Geoghegan, major contributor and committer to Postgres, to discuss adding skip scan support to PostgreSQL over versions 17 and 18. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/people/peter-geoghegan Peter’s previous (excellent) interview on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAPawr1DxhM Efficient Search of Multidimensional B-Trees (1995 paper by Harry Leslie, Rohit Jain, Dave Birdsall, and Hedieh Yaghmai) https://vldb.org/conf/1995/P710.PDF Index Skip Scanning in Oracle https://oracle-base.com/articles/9i/index-skip-scanning Peter’s introductory email to the hackers mailing list about adding skip scan https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAH2-Wzmn1YsLzOGgjAQZdn1STSG_y8qP__vggTaPAYXJP+G4bw@mail.gmail.com Loose Indexscan versus Index Skip Scan (PostgreSQL wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscan Tom Lane will be on the Talking Postgres podcast on October 9th https://aka.ms/TalkingPostgres-Ep20-cal Benoit Tigeot feedback and repro (originally reported via Slack) https://gist.github.com/benoittgt/ab72dc4cfedea2a0c6a5ee809d16e04d?permalink_comment_id=4597410#gistcomment-4597410 Summary video and blog post about the v17 work by Lukas from pganalyze (not mentioned but great) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-17-faster-btree-index-scans Understanding HNSW + filtering (pgvector repo discussion) https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/259 btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres Emergency Room 45:27

לפני 39 weeks45:27

45:27

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL emergencies — both the psychological side of incident management, and some technical aspects too. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Site Reliability Engineering resources from Google https://sre.google GitLab Handbook SRE https://handbook.gitlab.com/job-families/engineering/infrastructure/site-reliability-engineer Keeping Customers Streaming — The Centralized Site Reliability Practice at Netflix https://netflixtechblog.com/keeping-customers-streaming-the-centralized-site-reliability-practice-at-netflix-205cc37aa9fb Our monitoring checklist episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/monitoring-checklist Hannu Krosing talk on Postgres TV — Do you vacuum everyday? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPg Our episode on corruption https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruption Nikolay’s episode on stopping and starting Postgres faster https://postgres.fm/episodes/stop-and-start-postgres-faster Our episode on out of disk https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-disk The USE method (Brendan Gregg) https://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html Thundering herd problem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundering_herd_problem pgwatch2 Postgres AI edition https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Get or Create 50:19

לפני 40 weeks50:19

50:19

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Haki Benita, a technical lead and database enthusiast who writes an excellent blog and gives popular talks and training sessions too, to discuss the surprisingly complex topic of trying to implement “get or create” in PostgreSQL — handling issues around idempotency, concurrency, and bloat. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Haki Benita https://hakibenita.com How to Get or Create in PostgreSQL (blog post by Haki) https://hakibenita.com/postgresql-get-or-create "Find-or-insert" using a single query (how-to guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0036_find-or-insert_using_a_single_query.md?ref_type=heads Is SELECT or INSERT in a function prone to race conditions? (Answer by Erwin Brandstetter) https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15939902/is-select-or-insert-in-a-function-prone-to-race-conditions/15950324#15950324 get_or_create() in Django https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#get-or-create Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful MERGE (Postgres documentation) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.html Hidden dangers of duplicate key violations in PostgreSQL and how to avoid them (blog post by Divya Sharma and Shawn McCoy from the RDS team) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/hidden-dangers-of-duplicate-key-violations-in-postgresql-and-how-to-avoid-them/ One, Two, Skip a Few... (blog post by Pete Hamilton from Incident) https://incident.io/blog/one-two-skip-a-few ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Getting started with benchmarking 56:32

לפני 41 weeks56:32

56:32

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Melanie Plageman, database internals engineer at Microsoft and major contributor and committer to PostgreSQL, to discuss getting started with benchmarking — how it differs for users and developers of Postgres, how and when it comes up during development, some tools and lessons, as well as what she's working on at the moment. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/people/melanie-plageman Meanie’s Introduction to Benchmarking With pgbench talk slides https://postgresql.us/events/pgconfnyc2023/schedule/session/1410-introduction-to-benchmarking-with-pgbench/#slides Melanie’s Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyPZHG5beI Melanie’s Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk slides https://speakerdeck.com/melanieplageman/o-performance-for-development pgbench https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbench.html Mark Callaghan’s blog https://smalldatum.blogspot.com Some of Tomas Vondra’s blog posts https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/blog/author/tomas-vondra Some of Andres Freund’s blog posts https://www.citusdata.com/blog/authors/andres-freund/ An example of Alexander Lakhin’s work https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/b32bed1b-0746-9b20-1472-4bdc9ca66d52%40gmail.com Simplifying the TPC Benchmark C, an OLTP Workload (talk by Mark Wong) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi0I74urLoY Matplotlib https://matplotlib.org pandas https://pandas.pydata.org pg_stat_io https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEW pg_stat_io commit https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=a9c70b46dbe152e094f137f7e6ba9cd3a638ee25 pg_buffercache https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.html tmpfs https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/tmpfs.html Eager page freeze criteria mailing list thread https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAAKRu_b3tpbdRPUPh1Q5h35gXhY%3DspH2ssNsEsJ9sDfw6%3DPEAg%40mail.gmail.com The path to using AIO in postgres (talk by Andres Freund) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX50xrHwQa4 Improve dead tuple storage for lazy vacuum (Masahiko Sawada) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAD21AoAfOZvmfR0j8VmZorZjL7RhTiQdVttNuC4W-Shdc2a-AA@mail.gmail.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Index-Only Scans 39:15

לפני 42 weeks39:15

39:15

Nikolay and Michael discuss Index-Only Scans in Postgres — what they are, how they help, some things to look out for, and some advice. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-index-only-scans.html Discussion on Twitter about JIT and Parallel Query defaults https://x.com/jer_s/status/1819749688184373742 Postgres Wiki on Index-Only Scans https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scans Heap Fetches https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/heap-fetches Rows Removed By Filter https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/rows-removed-by-filter random_page_cost https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/random_page_cost/ pg_dump docs change https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1820539826363588755 Crunchy Bridge changed random_page_cost to 1.1 for new servers https://docs.crunchybridge.com/changelog#postgres_random_page_cost_1_1 Autovacuum Tuning Basics (updated blog post by Tomas Vondra) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/autovacuum-tuning-basics Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing Our episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updates Our episode on partitioning https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Why Postgres? 41:00

לפני 43 weeks41:00

41:00

Nikolay and Michael discuss why they chose Postgres — as users, for their businesses, for their careers, as well as some doubts. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our episode on why Postgres become popular https://postgres.fm/episodes/why-is-postgres-popular Database Systems: The Complete Book (by Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom) http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/dscb.html Our episode on the Postgres startup ecosystem https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-startup-ecosystem Will Postgres Live Forever? (talk by Bruce Momjian) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYVxWpyaGpA "Anarcho-Syndicalist Commune" from Monty Python and the Holy Grail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7qT-C-0ajI The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (book by Eric S. Raymond) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Compression 45:16

לפני 44 weeks45:16

45:16

Nikolay and Michael discuss compression in Postgres — what's available natively, newer algorithms in recent versions, and several extensions with compression features. Here are some links to things they mentioned: wal_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-COMPRESSION Our episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Synthetic wal_compression and streaming replication wal size test https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues/11 default_toast_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DEFAULT-TOAST-COMPRESSION ZFS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS Our episode on TOAST https://postgres.fm/episodes/toast On compression of everything in Postgres (talk by Andrey Borodin) https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/cituscon-an-event-for-postgres-2023/on-compression-of-everything-in-postgres-citus-con-2023 cstore_fdw https://citusdata.github.io/cstore_fdw/ Using Hydra columnar https://columnar.docs.hydra.so/concepts/using-hydra-columnar About compression in Timescale https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/compression/about-compression/ pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier pgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org/ WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g pg_dump https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgdump.html pg_dump compression specifications in PostgreSQL 16 (article by Pablo Glob from Cybertec) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/pg_dump-compression-specifications-postgresql-16/ Our episode on pgvector (with Jonathan Katz) https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgvector ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Out of disk 43:26

לפני 45 weeks43:26

43:26

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres running out of disk space — including what happens, what can cause it, how to recover, and most importantly, how to prevent it from happening in the first place. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Disk Full (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/disk-full.html pgcompacttable https://github.com/dataegret/pgcompacttable Our episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletes Getting Rid of Data (slides from VLDB 2019 keynote by Tova Milo) pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier Data tiering in Timescale Cloud https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/data-tiering/ Postgres is Out of Disk and How to Recover (blog post by Elizabeth Christensen) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/postgres-is-out-of-disk-and-how-to-recover-the-dos-and-donts max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE Our episode on checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Aiven docs on full disk issues https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/howto/prevent-full-disk ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres startup ecosystem 35:42

לפני 46 weeks35:42

35:42

Nikolay and Michael discuss the Postgres startup ecosystem — some recent closures, some recent fundraising announcements, and their thoughts on where things are going and what they'd like to see. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Prediction from Dax Raad https://x.com/thdxr/status/1808972166752580039 OtterTune shut down https://x.com/andy_pavlo/status/1801687420330770841 Snaplet shutting down https://www.snaplet.dev/post/snaplet-is-shutting-down bit.io shut down https://blog.bit.io/whats-next-for-bit-io-joining-databricks-ace9a40bce0d?gi=8ef885454eef Timescale acquired PopSQL https://www.timescale.com/blog/best-postgresql-gui-popsql-joins-timescale Aiven https://aiven.io Hasura https://hasura.io Supabase https://supabase.com Neon https://neon.tech Tembo https://tembo.io FerretDB https://www.ferretdb.com Hydra https://www.hydra.so pgEdge https://www.pgedge.com Tembo raised $14m https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/08/database-startup-tembo-lands-new-cash-to-expand Ry Walker’s Cybertruck with STARTUP license plate https://x.com/rywalker/status/1810061804380557516 Supabase acquired OrioleDB https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-acquires-oriole Michael Stonebraker Turing Award Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbGeKi6T6QI Microsoft acquired Citus https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2019/01/24/microsoft-acquires-citus-data-re-affirming-its-commitment-to-open-source-and-accelerating-azure-postgresql-performance-and-scale Crunchy Bridge https://www.crunchydata.com/products/crunchy-bridge PeerDB https://www.peerdb.io ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com pganalyze https://pganalyze.com DBeaver https://dbeaver.io Postico / Egger Apps https://eggerapps.at/postico2 Postgres Compare https://www.postgrescompare.com Coroot https://coroot.com okmeter https://okmeter.io Slides from Nikolay’s talk on monitoring https://bit.ly/pg-monitoring Nile https://www.thenile.dev Ubicloud https://www.ubicloud.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Four million TPS 45:50

לפני 47 weeks45:50

45:50

Nikolay talks Michael through a recent experiment to find the current maximum transactions per second single-node Postgres can achieve — why he was looking into it, what bottlenecks occurred along the way, and ideas for follow up experiments. Here are some links to things they mentioned: How many TPS can we get from a single Postgres node? (Article by Nikolay) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-many-tps-can-we-get-from-single-postgres-node-nikolay-samokhvalov-yu0rc Chat history with Postgres AI bot https://postgres.ai/chats/01905a83-4573-7dca-b47a-bb60ce30fe6c Our episode on the overhead of pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache https://postgres.fm/episodes/overhead-of-pg_stat_statements-and-pg_stat_kcache PostgreSQL 17 beta 2 is out https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-17-beta-2-released-2885/ PostgreSQL and MySQL: Millions of Queries per Second (about the work by Sveta and Alexander) https://www.percona.com/blog/millions-queries-per-second-postgresql-and-mysql-peaceful-battle-at-modern-demanding-workloads postgresql_cluster https://github.com/vitabaks/postgresql_cluster Track on CPU events for pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling/pull/74 The year of the Lock Manager’s Revenge (post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability Pluggable cumulative statistics (Postgres hackers thread started by Michael Paquier) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/Zmqm9j5EO0I4W8dx%40paquier.xyz ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Soft delete 37:40

לפני 48 weeks37:40

37:40

Nikolay and Michael discuss soft deletion in Postgres — what it means, several use cases, some implementation options, and which implementations suit which use cases. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Soft deletion probably isn't worth it (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/soft-deletion Easy alternative soft deletion (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/fragments/deleted-record-insert Our episode on auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing CREATE FUNCTION … SECURITY DEFINER (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createfunction.html Principle of least privilege https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Should we use foreign keys? 51:21

לפני 49 weeks51:21

51:21

Nikolay and Michael discuss foreign keys in Postgres — what they are, their benefits, their overhead, some edge cases to be aware of, some improvements coming, and whether or not they generally recommend using them. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Foreign keys (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK Our episode about constraints: https://postgres.fm/episodes/constraints GitLab migration helper add_concurrent_foreign_key https://github.com/gitlabhq/gitlabhq/blob/master/rubocop/cop/migration/add_concurrent_foreign_key.rb Adding a foreign key without downtime (tweet by Nikolay) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1732056107483636188 Bloat, pg_repack, and deferred constraints (blog post by Miro) https://medium.com/miro-engineering/postgresql-bloat-pg-repack-and-deferred-constraints-d0ecf33337ec Postgres 17 draft release notes, server configuration section https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html#RELEASE-17-SERVER-CONFIG Our 100th episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond Stop! Trigger Time (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/trigger-time Should I Create an Index on Foreign Keys? (Blog post by Percona) https://www.percona.com/blog/should-i-create-an-index-on-foreign-keys-in-postgresql Avoid Postgres performance cliffs with MultiXact IDs and foreign keys (5 min video by Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-multiXact-ids-foreign-keys-performance Experiment to see basic overhead of foreign keys https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/01902ee6-8ed1-70ec-9345-5606305012f4 Experiment showing an extreme contention case https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/018fb28d-865f-788d-adb7-efa7ed3a48c4 Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful Notes on some PostgreSQL implementation details (blog post by Nelson Elhage that mentions “subtransactions are cursed”) https://buttondown.email/nelhage/archive/notes-on-some-postgresql-implementation-details ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pgvectorscale 55:27

לפני 50 weeks55:27

55:27

Nikolay is joined by Mat Arye and John Pruitt, from Timescale, to discuss their new extension pgvectorscale and high-performance vector search in Postgres more generally. Main links: https://github.com/timescale/pgvectorscale https://www.timescale.com/blog/pgvector-vs-pinecone https://postgres.fm/people/matvey-arye https://postgres.fm/people/john-pruitt ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
To 100TB, and beyond! 47:42

לפני 51 weeks47:42

47:42

Michael and Nikolay are joined by three special guests for episode 100 who have all scaled Postgres to significant scale — Arka Ganguli from Notion, Sammy Steele from Figma, and Derk van Veen from Adyen. They cover how their setup has evolved, what their plans are for the future, and get into the weeds of some fun and interesting challenges along the way! Links to some of the things discussed: Arka Ganguli from Notion https://postgres.fm/people/arka-ganguli Sammy Steele from Figma https://postgres.fm/people/sammy-steele Derk van Veen from Adyen https://postgres.fm/people/derk-van-veen Thank you to yerrysherry on Reddit for the idea! https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1cn8ajh/what_should_we_do_for_episode_100_of_postgres_fm Lessons learned from sharding Postgres at Notion (October 2021) https://www.notion.so/blog/sharding-postgres-at-notion Adding Postgres capacity (again) with zero downtime (July 2023) https://www.notion.so/blog/the-great-re-shard How Figma’s databases team lived to tell the scale (March 2024) https://www.figma.com/blog/how-figmas-databases-team-lived-to-tell-the-scale Updating a 50 terabyte PostgreSQL database (March 2018) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/updating-a-50-terabyte-postgresql-database Part 1: Introduction to Table Partitioning (July 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/introduction-to-table-partioning Part 2: Partitioning at Adyen (October 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/partitioning-at-adyen Part 3: Maintenance Under Pressure (January 2024) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/maintenance-under-pressure Fighting PostgreSQL write amplification with HOT updates (May 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updates Tracking HOT updates and tuning FillFactor (October 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updates-part2 Partitioning your Postgres tables for 20X better performance (upcoming talk by Derk at Posette) https://www.citusdata.com/posette/speakers/derk-van-veen Figma, including Sammy’s team, is hiring https://www.figma.com/careers Notion’s engineering team is hiring https://www.notion.so/careers Adyen’s engineering team is hiring https://careers.adyen.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Sponsoring the community 32:17

לפני 1 year32:17

32:17

Michael is joined by Claire Giordano, Head of Postgres Open Source Community Initiatives at Microsoft, to discuss several ways to contribute to the Postgres community — from core contributions, to extensions, to events, and (of course) podcasts. Here are some links to things they mentioned: What’s new with Postgres at Microsoft (blog post by Claire) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/what-s-new-with-postgres-at-microsoft-2024-edition/ba-p/4140085 Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Fibonacci Spirals and 21 Ways to Contribute to Postgres Beyond Code (talk by Claire) https://archive.fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/postgresql_fibonacci_spirals_and_21_ways_to_contribute_to_postgres_beyond_code/ How to contribute to PostgreSQL or, 50 Ways To Love Your Project (talk slides by Josh Berkus) https://berkus.org/pdf_presos/50_ways.pdf pgconf dot dev https://2024.pgconf.dev/ POSETTE: An Event for Postgres https://www.citusdata.com/posette About Talk Selection for POSETTE https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/ Claire’s video about how to say Postgres, PostgreSQL, Citus, and a few questionably named Microsoft things https://x.com/clairegiordano/status/1503784151614320640 Citus goes fully open source https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/ Contributor Profiles https://www.postgresql.org/community/contributors/ Mastodon post by Álvaro Herrera (of EDB) https://lile.cl/@alvherre/112444579030481334 Talking Postgres podcast (formerly called Path To Citus Con): https://talkingpostgres.com/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Full text search 50:20

לפני 1 year50:20

50:20

Nikolay and Michael discuss full text search in Postgres — some of the history, some of the features, and whether it now makes sense to try to replace or combine it with semantic search. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Full Text Search https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.html tsearch2 https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/tsearch2.html Dictionaries https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-dictionaries.html RUM index https://github.com/postgrespro/rum Okapi BM25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_BM25 tf–idf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf unaccent https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/unaccent.html tsvector and tsquery https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-textsearch.html GiST indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gist.html GIN indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html Controlling Text Search (including setweight function) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html pg_trgrm https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtrgm.html btree_gist https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gist.html btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html websearch_to_tsquery https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-PARSING-QUERIES pgvector https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector Our previous episode on search https://postgres.fm/episodes/search ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Minor releases 39:46

לפני 1 year39:46

39:46

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres minor releases — how the schedule works, options for upgrading to them, and the importance of reading the release notes. Here are some links to things they mentioned: PostgreSQL 16.3, 15.7, 14.12, 13.15, and 12.19 released (announcement) https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-163-157-1412-1315-and-1219-released-2858/ PostgreSQL versioning policy https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/ PostgreSQL 14.4 release notes (most recent minor release not on the usual schedule) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/release/14.4/ Minor release roadmap https://www.postgresql.org/developer/roadmap/ Our last episode on upgrades (major and minor) https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades All versions of Postgres https://bucardo.org/postgres_all_versions.html Why upgrade? (Useful tool by depesz) https://why-upgrade.depesz.com/ Stop and start Postgres faster https://postgres.fm/episodes/stop-and-start-postgres-faster WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Postgres CVE-2024-4317 and how to fix the system views (5 mins of Postgres by Lukas Fittl) https://youtube.com/watch?v=fLwVvJ3fKdA Our episode on NULL https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown What should we do for episode 100? https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1cn8ajh/what_should_we_do_for_episode_100_of_postgres_fm/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Custom vs generic plan 29:00

לפני 1 year29:00

29:00

Nikolay and Michael discuss custom and generic planning in prepared statements — how it works, how issues can present themselves, some ways to view the generic plan, and some benefits of avoiding planning (not just time). Here are some links to things they mentioned: PREPARE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-prepare.html track_activity_query_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-ACTIVITY-QUERY-SIZE plan_cache_mode https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-PLAN-CACHE-MODE EXPLAIN (GENERIC_PLAN) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html#id-1.9.3.148.8 EXPLAIN (GENERIC_PLAN) in PostgreSQL 16 (blog post by Laurenz from Cybertec) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/explain-generic-plan-postgresql-16/ Running EXPLAIN on any query, even with $1 parameters (blog post and video by Lukas Fittl of pganalyze) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-explain-generic-plan EXPLAIN from pg_stat_statements, how to get the generic plan (blog post by Franck Pashto of Yugabyte) https://dev.to/yugabyte/explain-from-pgstatstatements-normalized-queries-how-to-always-get-the-generic-plan-in--5cfi Rework query relation permission checking (commit by Amit Langote) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/postgres.git?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=a61b1f74823c9c4f79c95226a461f1e7a367764b Partition pruning, prepared statements and generic vs custom query plans (a follow up blog post and video by Lukas) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-partition-pruning-prepared-statements-generic-vs-custom-query-plans Our episode on over-indexing (inc LWLock discussion) https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing “The year of the lock manager’s revenge” (from blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
LIMIT vs Performance 45:23

לפני 1 year45:23

45:23

Nikolay and Michael discuss LIMIT in Postgres — what it does, how it can help with performance, and an interesting example where adding it can actually hurt performance(!) Here are some links to things they mentioned: LIMIT considered harmful in PostgreSQL (Twitter thread by Christophe Pettus) https://twitter.com/Xof/status/1413542818673577987 LIMIT and OFFSET (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-limit.html No OFFSET (by Markus Winand) https://use-the-index-luke.com/no-offset LIMIT clause (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-select.html#SQL-LIMIT ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Buffers II (the sequel) 36:13

לפני 1 year36:13

36:13

Nikolay and Michael return to the topic of using the buffers explain parameter — with a new analogy, some (conspiracy) theories of why it's still not on by default, and some related chat about the serialize parameter coming in 17. Here are some links to things they mentioned: BUFFERS by default (episode 4) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Lightning talk by Michael at pgDay Paris (5 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfY-mSpUzaQ&t=1470s Waiting for SERIALIZE https://www.depesz.com/2024/04/11/waiting-for-postgresql-17-invent-serialize-option-for-explain/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Massive DELETEs 44:28

לפני 1 year44:28

44:28

Nikolay and Michael discuss doing massive DELETE operations in Postgres — what can go wrong, how to prevent major issues, and some ideas to minimise their impact. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Article based on Nikolay’s talk, including batching implementation (translated to English) https://habr-com.translate.goog/en/articles/523536/?_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hist=true Our episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Egor Rogov’s book on Postgres Internals (chapter 10 on WAL) https://edu.postgrespro.com/postgresql_internals-14_en.pdf full_page_writes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-FULL-PAGE-WRITES TRUNCATE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-truncate.html Our episode on partitioning https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning Our episode on bloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Our episode on index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Logical replication common issues 38:12

לפני 1 year38:12

38:12

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Sai Srirampur, CEO and Co-founder of PeerDB, to discuss how to overcome several logical replication issues. They discuss the protocol versions, minimising slot growth, minimising lag, and some tips and tricks for scaling things well. Here are some links to things they mentioned: PeerDB https://www.peerdb.io/ Our episode on logical replication https://postgres.fm/episodes/logical-replication Exploring versions of the Postgres logical replication protocol (blog post by Sai) https://blog.peerdb.io/exploring-versions-of-the-postgres-logical-replication-protocol Logical Streaming Replication Protocol https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/protocol-logical-replication.html REPLICA IDENTITY FULL https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-REPLICA-IDENTITY On the performance impact of REPLICA IDENTITY FULL in Postgres (blog post by Xata) https://xata.io/blog/replica-identity-full-performance max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE Active Active in Postgres 16 (blog post by Crunchy Data) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/active-active-postgres-16 pgEdge https://www.pgedge.com/ DistSQL (term used by Mark Callaghan) https://smalldatum.blogspot.com/2023/07/keeping-up-with-sql-dbms-market.html Five tips on Postgres logical decoding (blog post by Sai) https://blog.peerdb.io/five-tips-on-postgres-logical-decoding PG Slot Notify: Monitor Postgres Slot Growth in Slack (blog post by PeerDB) https://blog.peerdb.io/pg-slot-notify-monitor-postgres-slot-growth-in-slack ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Don't do this 44:31

לפני 1 year44:31

44:31

Nikolay and Michael discuss several "Don't do this" lists about Postgres — picking out their favourite items, as well as some contentious ones that could be clearer, or not included. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Don’t do this (PostgreSQL wiki page) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Don't_Do_This How to get into trouble using some Postgres features (how to by Nikolay) https://github.com/postgres-ai/postgres-howtos/blob/main/0016_how_to_get_into_trouble_using_some_postgres_features.md Don’t do this (jOOQ list) http://www.jooq.org/doc/3.19/manual/reference/dont-do-this Don’t use NOT IN (jOOQ) https://www.jooq.org/doc/3.19/manual/reference/dont-do-this/dont-do-this-sql-not-in/ Our episode about NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Our episode on timestamps https://postgres.fm/episodes/timestamps ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Search 41:32

לפני 1 year41:32

41:32

Nikolay and Michael have a high-level discussion on all things search — touching on full-text search, semantic search, and faceted search. They discuss what comes in Postgres core, what is possible via extensions, and some thoughts on performance vs implementation complexity vs user experience. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Simon Riggs https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7178702287740022784/ Companion databases episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/companion-databases pgvector episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgvector Full Text Search https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.html Semantic search https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_search Faceted search https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_search Faceting large result sets in PostgreSQL https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/faceting-large-result-sets/ RUM index https://github.com/postgrespro/rum Hybrid search (Supabase guide) https://supabase.com/docs/guides/ai/hybrid-search Elastic https://www.elastic.co/ GiST indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gist.html GIN indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html btree_gist https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gist.html btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html pg_trgrm https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtrgm.html Text Search Types (tsvector and tsquery) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-textsearch.html Postgres full text search with the “websearch” syntax (blog post by Adam Johnson) https://adamj.eu/tech/2024/01/03/postgresql-full-text-search-websearch/ Understanding Postgres GIN Indexes: The Good and the Bad (blog post by Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/gin-index ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com/ ZomboDB https://www.zombodb.com/ Introduction to Information Retrieval (book by Manning, Raghavan, and Schütze) https://www.amazon.co.uk/Introduction-Information-Retrieval-Christopher-Manning/dp/0521865719 How to build a search engine with Ruby on Rails (blog post by Justin Searls) https://blog.testdouble.com/posts/2021-09-09-how-to-build-a-search-engine-with-ruby-on-rails/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Health check 40:49

לפני 1 year40:49

40:49

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres health checks — what they are, things to include, how often makes sense, and whether improvements to Postgres would increase or decrease the need for them. Here are some links to things they mentioned: MOT (car test in the UK) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOT_test Let's make PostgreSQL multi-threaded (discussion started by Heikki) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/31cc6df9-53fe-3cd9-af5b-ac0d801163f4%40iki.fi postgres-checkup https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgres-checkup Why upgrade https://why-upgrade.depesz.com/ Related episodes: Default configuration https://postgres.fm/episodes/default-configuration Index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance Bloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Monitoring checklist https://postgres.fm/episodes/monitoring-checklist pg_stat_statements https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_stat_statements Backups https://postgres.fm/episodes/backups ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
superuser 30:28

לפני 1 year30:28

30:28

Nikolay and Michael discuss the superuser role in PostgreSQL — what it is, how and when it shouldn’t be used, and whether most cloud providers are right to not give us it (no prizes for guessing). Here are some links to things they mentioned: superuser (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/role-attributes.html#id-1.6.9.6.2.1.2.1.1 Crunchy Data PostgreSQL Security Technical Implementation Guide (STIG) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/crunchy-data-postgresql-security-technical-implementation-guide-now-available Supabase docs (unsupported operations) https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/roles-superuser Crunchy Data docs https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/users RDS docs https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Appendix.PostgreSQL.CommonDBATasks.html Cloud SQL docs https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/users Azure docs https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/single-server/concepts-servers Roles, Privileges, and Security (talk by Ryan Booz) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtPM3iZFE04 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
transaction_timeout 26:48

לפני 1 year26:48

26:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss transaction_timeout (a recently committed addition for Postgres 17) — what it's for, how to get around not having it already, and whether it will replace the need to set statement_timeout globally in future. Here are some links to things they mentioned: transaction_timeout (devel docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TRANSACTION-TIMEOUT Commit: https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=51efe38cb92f4b15b68811bcce9ab878fbc71ea5 Mailing list thread: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAAhFRxiQsRs2Eq5kCo9nXE3HTugsAAJdSQSmxncivebAxdmBjQ%40mail.gmail.com Hacking Postgres session on Postgres TV where work started https://www.youtube.com/live/WLoMpg8A4WU?t=50 Our first ever episode, on slow queries and slow transactions https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-queries-and-slow-transactions statement_timeout (v7.3) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-STATEMENT-TIMEOUT idle_in_transaction_session_timeout (v9.6) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-IDLE-IN-TRANSACTION-SESSION-TIMEOUT idle_session_timeout (v14) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-IDLE-SESSION-TIMEOUT ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Rails + Postgres 45:23

לפני 1 year45:23

45:23

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Andrew Atkinson, author of High Performance PostgreSQL for Rails, to discuss how Rails and Postgres work together — where the limits are, how people use the ORM, things that are improving, and some things we can do as a Postgres community to make it even better. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Planet Argon survey https://rails-hosting.com/2022/#databases Active Record https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_postgresql.html Multiple Databases with Active Record https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_multiple_databases.html schema.rb vs structure.sql https://blog.appsignal.com/2020/01/15/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-structure-sql-in-your-ruby-on-rails-application.html activerecord-clean-db-structure (Ruby gem by Lukas Fittl) https://github.com/lfittl/activerecord-clean-db-structure GitLab’s migration_helpers.rb https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/lib/gitlab/database/migration_helpers.rb SQLite https://www.sqlite.org PlanetScale’s foreign key support announcement video https://twitter.com/PlanetScale/status/1732070818958500083 DoorDash Engineering Blog https://doordash.engineering/blog rails-pg-extras https://github.com/pawurb/rails-pg-extras Benoit Tigeot testing Peter Geoghegan improvement for large IN lists https://gist.github.com/benoittgt/ab72dc4cfedea2a0c6a5ee809d16e04d High Performance PostgreSQL for Rails (Andy’s book, 35% discount code “postgres.fm”) https://pragprog.com/titles/aapsql/high-performance-postgresql-for-rails Andy’s blog and website https://andyatkinson.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Why isn't Postgres using my index? 35:25

לפני 1 year35:25

35:25

Nikolay and Michael discuss a common question — why Postgres isn't using an index, and what you can do about it! Here are some links to things they mentioned: Why isn’t Postgres using my index? (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/why-isnt-postgres-using-my-index Why isn’t Postgres using my functional index? (Stack Exchange question from Brent Ozar) https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/336019/why-isnt-postgres-using-my-functional-index enable_seqscan (and similar parameters) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html Crunchy Bridge changed random_page_cost to 1.1 https://docs.crunchybridge.com/changelog#postgres_random_page_cost_1_1 Make indexes invisible (trick from Haki Benita) https://hakibenita.com/sql-tricks-application-dba#make-indexes-invisible ANALYZE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-analyze.html Statistics used by the planner https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/planner-stats.html Our episode on query hints https://postgres.fm/episodes/query-hints transaction_timeout (commit for Postgres 17) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=51efe38cb92f4b15b68811bcce9ab878fbc71ea5 What’s new in the Postgres 16 query planner / optimizer (blog post by David Rowley) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/02/08/whats-new-in-postgres-16-query-planner-optimizer/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Overhead of pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache 34:07

לפני 1 year34:07

34:07

Nikolay and Michael discuss the overhead of pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache — mostly focusing on some interesting things Nikolay found while stress-testing some large spot instances up to and beyond 2m TPS(!) Here are some links to things they mentioned: pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache pg_stat_statements overhead estimate in pganalyze FAQs https://pganalyze.com/faq What is the performance impact of pg_stat_statements? (DBA Stack Exchange answer with several links) https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/303503/what-is-the-performance-impact-of-pg-stat-statements Towards Millions TPS (blog post by Alexander Korotkov) https://akorotkov.github.io/blog/2016/05/09/scalability-towards-millions-tps Postgres.ai blog post with links to benchmarks https://postgres.ai/blog/20240127-postges-ai-bot postgresql_cluster https://github.com/vitabaks/postgresql_cluster pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling pg_stat_kcache issue, discussion, and fast resolution https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache/issues/41 log_statement_sample_rate https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/log_statement_sample_rate/ auto_explain.sample_rate https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.html#id-1.11.7.14.5.3.13.1.3 pg_stat_statements performance penalty on Intel much higher than on AMD https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues/52 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Modern SQL 32:09

לפני 1 year32:09

32:09

Michael is joined by Markus Winand, creator of use-the-index-luke.com and modern-sql.com, and author of SQL Performance Explained, to discuss Modern SQL — what Markus means by it, why it's important, some benefits, some examples, and at least one phrase that should be on a t-shirt. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Modern SQL (site) https://modern-sql.com Use the index, Luke! (site) https://use-the-index-luke.com SQL Performance Explained (book) https://sql-performance-explained.com Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown IS DISTINCT FROM (null-safe not equals comparison) https://modern-sql.com/caniuse/is-distinct-from UNIQUE NULLS DISTINCT https://modern-sql.com/caniuse/unique-nulls-distinct Modernes SQL ist mehr als SELECT * FROM (a German language podcast Markus was on recently) https://engineeringkiosk.dev/podcast/episode/99-modernes-sql-ist-mehr-als-select-from-mit-markus-winand Markus’ website https://winand.at ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Bloat 36:17

לפני 1 year36:17

36:17

Michael is joined by Chelsea Dole, Staff Software Engineer and Tech Lead of the Data Storage Team at Brex , to discuss bloat. They cover what it is, why it's a problem, strategies for minimising it, and the options when it's really bad. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Managing your tuple graveyard (talk by Chelsea) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAgbzvGT6ck pgstattuple https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstattuple.html pg_class https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/catalog-pg-class.html Bloat in PostgreSQL: a taxonomy (talk by Peter Geoghegan) https://youtube.com/watch?v=JDG4bMHxCH8 It's Not You, It's Me: Breaking Up with Massive Tables via Partitioning (talk by Chelsea) https://youtube.com/watch?v=TafwSuLNxe8 pg_repack https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack pg_squeeze https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeeze VACUUM https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-vacuum.html autovacuum https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-autovacuum.html CLUSTER https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-cluster.html HOT updates https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html Our episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Our episode on TOAST https://postgres.fm/episodes/toast Our episode on index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance Chelsea's website: https://chelseadole.com/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pgvector 49:06

לפני 1 year49:06

49:06

Michael is joined by Jonathan Katz, PostgreSQL Core Team member, Principle Product Manager at AWS, and also pgvector contributor, to discuss pgvector. They cover what it is, why it's so popular all of a sudden, some tuning and tradeoff guidance, and a look to the future. Here are some links to things they mentioned: pgvector https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector Our episode on companion databases https://postgres.fm/episodes/companion-databases Vectors are the new JSON (talk by Jonathan) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_1zunKblAU pgvector 0.5.0 feature highlights and howtos (blog post by Jonathan) https://jkatz05.com/post/postgres/pgvector-overview-0.5.0 HNSW indexing and searching (blog post by Jonathan) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/accelerate-hnsw-indexing-and-searching-with-pgvector-on-amazon-aurora-postgresql-compatible-edition-and-amazon-rds-for-postgresql Our episode on TOAST https://postgres.fm/episodes/toast pgvector changelog https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md HQANN paper https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07940 HNSW fast build branch https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/tree/hnsw-fast-build pgconf.dev https://2024.pgconf.dev ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pgBadger 31:31

לפני 1 year31:31

31:31

Michael is joined by Alicja Kucharczyk, Program Manager for Azure Database for PostgreSQL at Microsoft and organiser of the Warsaw PostgreSQL User Group, to discuss Alicja's favorite tool: pgBadger. They cover what it is, how and when it's useful, and some guidance for getting the most out of it (without causing an outage). Here are some links to things they mentioned: pgBadger website https://pgbadger.darold.net pgBadger repo https://github.com/darold/pgbadger An example pgBadger report https://pgbadger.darold.net/examples/sample.html pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html Azure Guide https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/how-to-generate-pgbadger-report-from-azure-database-for/ba-p/3756328 Google Cloud SQL guide https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/guide-to-the-database-observability-with-cloud-sql RDS guide https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/optimizing-and-tuning-queries-in-amazon-rds-postgresql-based-on-native-and-external-tools/ Community Insights on pgBadger (PGSQL Phriday Recap) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/community-insights-on-pgbadger-a-pgsql-phriday-010-recap/ba-p/3880911 PGSQL Phriday #010: Log analysis (blog post by Lætitia Avrot) https://mydbanotebook.org/post/log-analysis/ Nothing Compares To VACUUM/The Ballad of Bloat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NxIngqq1y0 Explain Analyze (Feliz Navidad cover) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qznnzYZPdkM ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
EXPLAIN 19:33

לפני 1 year19:33

19:33

With Nikolay taking a well-earned break, Michael covers the basics of EXPLAIN — what it is, the parameters available, and a process he recommends for using it. Here are some links to the things mentioned: EXPLAIN (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html Using EXPLAIN (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/using-explain.html EXPLAIN Explained (talk by Josh Berkus https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=mCwwFAl1pBU Beyond joins and indexes (slides from talk by Bruce Momjian) https://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/beyond.pdf Depesz https://explain.depesz.com Dalibo https://explain.dalibo.com pgMustard https://www.pgmustard.com/ A beginners guide to explain (talk by Michael) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31EmOKBP1PY&t=24s Explain beyond the basics (talk by Michael) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGkSOvuaPs4 auto_explain episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain Row estimates episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/row-estimates Slow queries and slow transactions episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-queries-and-slow-transactions Benchmarking episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/benchmarking EXPLAIN glossary by Michael (forgot to mention, oops!) https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
work_mem 19:07

לפני 1 year19:07

19:07

Happy holidays! Today's topic is work_mem — how it's used and how to tune it. Related post: https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1740813478150189172?s=46&t=HSxrW86NZqzPQP9vXVJEWg .

Postgres FM

1
Partitioning by ULID 38:53

לפני 1 year38:53

38:53

Nikolay and Michael discuss partitioning by ULID — revisiting some of the old UUID vs bigint key debate in light of some new UUID specs, and how these can be used for partitioning (by time). Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nikolay’s episode on UUID (for primary keys) https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuid Postgres TV hacking session with Andrey and Kirk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPq_hiOE-N8 UUIDv7 patch https://commitfest.postgresql.org/43/4388/ Use ULID Idempotency Keys (tip 6 in this blog post from Shopify) https://shopify.engineering/building-resilient-payment-systems Nikolay’s howto post on UUID v7 and partitioning with TimescaleDB https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0065_uuid_v7_and_partitioning_timescaledb.md Hussein Nasser’s YouTube video about the above https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f53-Iw_5ucA UUID proposal that includes UUIDv7 and UUIDv8 (work in progress): https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-uuidrev-rfc4122bis/history/ James Blackwood-Sewell advice on more elegant solution using TimescaleDB https://twitter.com/jamessewell/status/1730125437903450129 ULIDs and Stripe IDs (section of Identity Crisis blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/nanoglyphs/026-ids#ulids Crunchy Bridge changed their default random_page_cost to 1.1 🙌 https://twitter.com/brandur/status/1720477470116422028 UUIDs vs serials for keys (newer post from Christophe Pettus) https://thebuild.com/blog/2023/02/16/uuids-vs-serials-for-keys/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Hash indexes 30:32

לפני 1 year30:32

30:32

Nikolay and Michael discuss hash indexes in Postgres — what they are, some brief history, their pros and cons vs btrees, and whether or when they recommend using them. Update: the idea Nikolay mentioned at the end of this episode turns out to be a little fraught (and as such, inadvisable). Here are some links to things they mentioned: Index types (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-types.html Re-introducing hash indexes in PostgreSQL (blog post by Haki Benita and Michael) https://hakibenita.com/postgresql-hash-index Hash indexes intro (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hash-intro.html Hash indexes implementation (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hash-implementation.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Constraints 39:04

לפני 1 year39:04

39:04

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL constraints — the six different types we have, how to add and modify them, including on large tables with high TPS. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Constraints (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html Unique index vs unique constraint issue (2017) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CANNMO%2B%2B7%2BuVMj%2BZPGKB_zuRpKE0sNthy2Z-_oKSS%3DoE3_rN7QA%40mail.gmail.com Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Advanced Int to Bigint Conversions (talk by Robert Treat) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IieyXzdmcM Use BIGINT in Postgres (blog post by Ryan Lambert) https://blog.rustprooflabs.com/2021/06/postgres-bigint-by-default How to add a foreign key (Tweet by Nikolay) https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1732056107483636188 Bloat, pg_repack, and deferred constraints (blog post by Nikolai Averin from Miro) https://medium.com/miro-engineering/postgresql-bloat-pg-repack-and-deferred-constraints-d0ecf33337ec ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Events 52:09

לפני 2 years52:09

52:09

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL events — whether in-person or online, large conferences or small meet-ups, as well as some strong opinions based on their experiences attending, speaking, and organising them. Here are some links to things they mentioned: PGSQL Phriday #014: PostgreSQL Events https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/pgsql-phriday-014-postgresql-events/ PGCon https://www.pgcon.org/ Highload https://highload.rs/ The San Francisco Bay Area PostgreSQL Meetup Group https://www.meetup.com/postgresql-1/ Our episode on “Why is Postgres popular?” https://postgres.fm/episodes/why-is-postgres-popular PGConf EU https://pgconf.eu/ Open talks series on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH8y1BNPAKjJCuZiDRl0qUEDaKLBpFvZ9 Rails World (including videos!) https://rubyonrails.org/world Upcoming events https://www.postgresql.org/about/events/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Subtransactions 24:12

לפני 2 years24:12

24:12

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL subtransactions — what they are, and four issues they can cause at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Subtransactions (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/subxacts.html SAVEPOINT (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-savepoint.html PostgreSQL Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful Subtransactions and performance in PostgreSQL (blog post by Laurenz at Cybertec) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/subtransactions-and-performance-in-postgresql/ Notes on some PostgreSQL implementation details (blog post by Nelson Elhage) https://buttondown.email/nelhage/archive/notes-on-some-postgresql-implementation-details/ Why we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions (GitLab blog post) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2021/09/29/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactions/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Companion databases 45:58

לפני 2 years45:58

45:58

Nikolay and Michael discuss companion databases — when and why you might want to add another database management system to your stack (or not), and some specifics for analytics, timeseries, search, and vectors. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Heap were using Postgres + Citus for analytics as of 2022 https://www.heap.io/blog/juggling-state-machines-incident-response-and-data-soup-a-glimpse-into-heaps-engineering-culture Heap recently moved their core analytics to SingleStore (we only spotted this after recording 🤦‍♂️) https://www.heap.io/blog/heaps-next-generation-data-platform Posthog moved their analytics from Postgres to Clickhouse https://posthog.com/blog/clickhouse-vs-postgres Timescale https://www.timescale.com/ Citus https://www.citusdata.com/ Hydra https://www.hydra.so/ Our episode on real-time analytics https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analytics Our episode on queues https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Our episode on logical replication https://postgres.fm/episodes/logical-replication Full Text Search in PostgreSQL (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.html ZomboDB https://www.zombodb.com/ ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com/ PeerDB https://www.peerdb.io/ RUM indexes https://github.com/postgrespro/rum Debezium https://debezium.io/ pgmq https://github.com/tembo-io/pgmq Tembo https://tembo.io/ pgvector vs Pinecone (Supabase blog post) https://supabase.com/blog/pgvector-vs-pinecone Jepsen analyses https://jepsen.io/analyses ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Blue-green deployments 43:45

לפני 2 years43:45

43:45

Nikolay and Michael discuss blue-green deployments — specifically an RDS blog post, how similar this is (or not) to what they understand to be blue-green deployments, and how applicable the methodology might be in the database world more generally. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Fully managed Blue/Green Deployment in Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL and Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/new-fully-managed-blue-green-deployment-in-amazon-aurora-postgresql-and-amazon-rds-for-postgresql/ Blue-green deployment (blog post by Martin Fowler) https://martinfowler.com/bliki/BlueGreenDeployment.html Our episode on logical replication https://postgres.fm/episodes/logical-replication pgroll https://github.com/xataio/pgroll ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Data model trade-offs 38:04

לפני 2 years38:04

38:04

Nikolay and Michael discuss data model trade-offs — some cases where you might want to (gasp) de-normalize, and which PostgreSQL internals are at play. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our episode on JSON https://postgres.fm/episodes/json PostgreSQL limits https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/limits.html Boyce–Codd normal form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce–Codd_normal_form Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing Heap-Only Tuples (HOT) optimisation https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html The Surprising Impact of Medium-Size Texts on PostgreSQL Performance https://hakibenita.com/sql-medium-text-performance Query planner settings (collapse limits and Genetic Query Optimizer) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-with.html Our episode on benchmarking https://postgres.fm/episodes/benchmarking The tests and benchmarks Nikolay mentioned https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Under-indexing 34:36

לפני 2 years34:36

34:36

Nikolay and Michael discuss under-indexing — how to tell if this applies to you, some general and specific cases, as well as some tricky ones. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes.html random_page_cost https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/random_page_cost/ Sequential scans https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/sequential-scan pg_stat_user_tables https://pgpedia.info/p/pg_stat_user_tables.html pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html auto_explain https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.html Our episode on slow queries https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-queries-and-slow-transactions Our episode on query macro analysis https://postgres.fm/episodes/macro-query-analysis-intro Running 10 Million PostgreSQL Indexes In Production (And Counting) https://www.heap.io/blog/running-10-million-postgresql-indexes-in-production Faceting large result sets in PostgreSQL https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/faceting-large-result-sets/ Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Over-indexing 42:45

לפני 2 years42:45

42:45

Nikolay and Michael discuss over-indexing — what we mean by it, the regular issues people discuss about it, as well as a novel one Nikolay has come across and benchmarked recently. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nikolay’s tweet on over-indexing https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1713101666629927112 Heap-Only Tuples (HOT) optimization https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html Our episode on index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance PgBouncer now supports prepared statements https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer/releases/tag/pgbouncer_1_21_0 Our episode on connection poolers https://postgres.fm/episodes/connection-poolers Configurable FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND (Hackers mailing list discussion) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAM527d-uDn5osa6QPKxHAC6srOfBH3M8iXUM%3DewqHV6n%3Dw1u8Q%40mail.gmail.com LWLock:lock_manager (Amazon RDS docs) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/wait-event.lw-lock-manager.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Query hints 35:38

לפני 2 years35:38

35:38

Nikolay and Michael discuss query hints — what they are, what we do and don't have in PostgreSQL, and some other things in and around the ecosystem to be aware of. Here are some links to some extra things they mentioned: Query planning (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html Statistics used by the planner (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/planner-stats.html default_statistics_target https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-DEFAULT-STATISTICS-TARGET Optimiser hints discussion (wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/OptimizerHintsDiscussion An example mailing list thread from 2006 https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/20061012151439.GT28647%40nasby.net Peter Geoghegan tweet regarding invalid index https://twitter.com/petervgeoghegan/status/1599191964045672449 plantuner http://sigaev.ru/git/gitweb.cgi?p=plantuner.git;a=blob;hb=HEAD;f=README.plantuner pg_hint_plan https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan Aurora PostgreSQL query plan management https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Optimize.overview.html Building automatic adviser & performance tuning tools - Julien Rouhaud & Tatsuro Yamada: PGCon 2020 (the completely misremembered presentation Michael mentioned 🙈) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQZK6p3SwwA hypopg https://github.com/HypoPG/hypopg ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Stop and start Postgres faster 29:57

לפני 2 years29:57

29:57

In this episode (recorded live on YouTube ), Nikolay discusses Postgres shutdown and startup times – how to troubleshoot them and, when needed, optimize. Some extra things mentioned in this episode: #PostgresMarathon series – every day, Nikolay posts a new howto-style article https://twitter.com/hashtag/PostgresMarathon Day 2: Postgres shutdown and restart attempts https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1707147450044297673 Day 3: How to troubleshoot long Postgres startup https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1707466169245171773 GitLab repo with #PostgresMarathon posts (markdown): https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos Episode 010 "WAL and checkpoint tuning": https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Backups 43:04

לפני 2 years43:04

43:04

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres backups — why we need them, what the options are, whether a dump is a backup or not, and some considerations for lowering RPO and RTO at scale. Here are some links to some extra things they mentioned: pg_dump https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgdump.html pg_basebackup https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgbasebackup.html pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g Barman https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/barman Data loss at GitLab (2017) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2017/02/01/gitlab-dot-com-database-incident/ Dev Deletes Entire Production Database, Chaos Ensues (YouTube video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLdRBsuvVKc Our episode on corruption https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruption DBLab Engine https://github.com/postgres-ai/database-lab-engine ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres 16 39:35

לפני 2 years39:35

39:35

Nikolay and Michael discuss the release of PostgreSQL 16 — the most important new features, what they mean for us as users, whether and when to upgrade, and more. Here are some links to some extra things they mentioned: Release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/release-16.html New Features With Examples (PDF from Noriyoshi Shinoda of Hewlett Packard Enterprise Japan) https://h50146.www5.hpe.com/products/software/oe/linux/mainstream/support/lcc/pdf/PostgreSQL16Beta1_New_Features_en_20230528_1.pdf Why Upgrade? (site by depesz) https://why-upgrade.depesz.com/ Waiting for PostgreSQL 16 (blog post series from Depesz) https://www.depesz.com/tag/pg16/ Our episode on favourite features https://postgres.fm/episodes/our-favourite-v16-feature Our episode on logical replication https://postgres.fm/episodes/logical-replication Active Active in Postgres 16 (blog post from Crunchy Data) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/active-active-postgres-16 AlloyDB adaptive autovacuum https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/alloydb-for-postgresql-under-the-hood-adaptive-autovacuum Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance (talk by Melanie Plageman at PGCon) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyPZHG5beI Our monitoring checklist episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/monitoring-checklist pgvector https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Logical replication 43:01

לפני 2 years43:01

43:01

Nikolay and Michael discuss logical replication — some history, initialization, change data capture, how to scale it, some limitiations, and ways that it is getting better. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Logical replication https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/logical-replication.html GitLab upgraded multi-terabyte, heavily-loaded clusters with zero-downtime https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1700574156222505276 pg_waldump https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgwaldump.html pg_dump and external snapshots (blog post by Michael Paquier) https://paquier.xyz/postgresql-2/postgres-9-5-feature-highlight-pg-dump-snapshots/ Failover of logical replication slots in Patroni (talk by Alexander Kukushkin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SllJsbPVaow Our episode on replication https://postgres.fm/episodes/replication ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Our favourite v16 feature 27:28

לפני 2 years27:28

27:28

Nikolay and Michael discuss their favourite feature each from the upcoming PostgreSQL 16 release. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: v16 draft release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/release-16.html PGSQL Phriday #012 invitation from Ryan Booz https://www.pgsqlphriday.com/2023/08/pgsql-phriday-012/ Subscribe options for the podcast https://postgres.fm/subscribe A recent closed source ClickHouse feature https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/issues/44767#issuecomment-1683293218 Postgres TV hacking session with Andrey Borodin on \watch with limited number of loops (v16) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTV8XhWf3mo Allow \watch queries to stop on minimum rows returned (v17) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/f347ec76e2a227e5c5b5065cce7adad16d58d209 pg_stat_io commit mentioning the op_bytes column (v16) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/a9c70b46dbe152e094f137f7e6ba9cd3a638ee25 pg_size_pretty function https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#id-1.5.8.33.9.3.2.2.7.1.1.1 Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance (talk by Melanie Plageman at PGCon) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyPZHG5beI Our episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default EXPLAIN (GENERIC_PLAN) blog post by Laurenz Albe https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/explain-generic-plan-postgresql-16/ Running EXPLAIN on any query (video by Lukas Fittl) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMftYJnqou0 PostgreSQL 16 Beta 1 New Features with Examples.(English Version) by Noriyoshi Shinoda https://twitter.com/nori_shinoda/status/1664481483355226114 Have auto_explain's log_verbose mode honor the value of compute_query_id (commitfest entry) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/42/4136/ Make auto_explain print the query identifier in verbose mode (commit) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/9d2d9728b8d546434aade4f9667a59666588edd6 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Connections 28:20

לפני 2 years28:20

28:20

Nikolay and Michael discuss connections — the options, security and performance tradeoffs, and a few other things to be aware of. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Episode on connection poolers https://postgres.fm/episodes/connection-poolers listen_addresses https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-LISTEN-ADDRESSES SSLMODE Explained (blog post by Andrew Kane) https://ankane.org/postgres-sslmode-explained pg_hba.conf https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html Timing a query (blog post by Bruce Momjian) https://momjian.us/main/blogs/pgblog/2012.html#June_6_2012 How to connect (blog post by Lætitia Avrot) https://mydbanotebook.org/post/cant-connect/ Improving Postgres Connection Scalability: Snapshots (blog post by Andres Freund) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/improving-postgres-connection-scalability-snapshots/ba-p/1806462 idle_session_timeout https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-IDLE-SESSION-TIMEOUT Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPg Don’t use now() with pg_stat_activity (tweet by Nikolay) https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1664981076014690304 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Decoupled storage and compute 42:33

לפני 2 years42:33

42:33

Nikolay and Michael discuss a listener question — about products that take Postgres and transform it to something that decouples compute from storage (RDS Aurora, GC AlloyDB, Neon etc.) and whether they see something like this landing upstream in the medium term. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Amazon Aurora https://aws.amazon.com/rds/aurora/ Google Cloud AlloyDB for PostgreSQL https://cloud.google.com/alloydb Neon https://neon.tech/ Google Cloud Spanner https://cloud.google.com/spanner Is Aurora PostgreSQL really faster and cheaper than RDS PostgreSQL? (blog post by Avinash Vallarapu from MigOps) https://www.migops.com/blog/is-aurora-postgresql-really-faster-and-cheaper-than-rds-postgresql-benchmarking/ Deep dive on Amazon Aurora with PostgreSQL compatibility (presentation by Grant McAllister) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQg8wqlxefo Intro to Aurora PostgreSQL Query Plan Management https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/introduction-to-aurora-postgresql-query-plan-management/ Michael Stonebraker Turing Award Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbGeKi6T6QI Interview with Stas Kelvich from Neon on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PUKNznq_eM Interview with Ben Vandiver from Google Cloud Spanner on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW-Uexhv-bk Timescale Cloud bottomless storage feature (data tiering to Amazon S3) https://www.timescale.com/blog/expanding-the-boundaries-of-postgresql-announcing-a-bottomless-consumption-based-object-storage-layer-built-on-amazon-s3/ Testing Database Changes the Right Way (Heap Analytics article) https://www.heap.io/blog/testing-database-changes-right-way ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Self-managing 37:04

לפני 2 years37:04

37:04

Nikolay and Michael discuss self-managing Postgres — both the practicalities of doing so, as well as some managed-service style tooling. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Our episode on Managed services vs. DIY https://postgres.fm/episodes/managed-services-vs-diy WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g pgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org/ Barman https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/barman Dead Man’s Snitch https://deadmanssnitch.com/ Netdata https://www.netdata.cloud/ Upgrades https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades High availability https://postgres.fm/episodes/high-availability Configuration https://postgres.fm/episodes/default-configuration Corruption https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruption Connection poolers https://postgres.fm/episodes/connection-poolers Index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance StackGres supported extensions (Michael was wrong, it also has a timescale_tls extension!) https://stackgres.io/extensions/ postgresql_cluster https://github.com/vitabaks/postgresql_cluster Supabase self-hosting https://supabase.com/docs/guides/self-hosting Tembo https://github.com/tembo-io/tembo Open source licenses, clouds, Postgres (Postgres TV discussion) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rcbyIjA4gI&t=149s ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Sharding 39:45

לפני 2 years39:45

39:45

Nikolay and Michael discuss sharding Postgres — what it means, why and when it's needed, and the available options right now. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: PGSQL Friday monthly blogging event https://www.pgsqlphriday.com/ Did “sharding” come from Ultima Online? https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23438399 Our episode on partitioning: https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning Vitess https://vitess.io/ Citus https://www.citusdata.com/ Lessons learned from sharding Postgres (Notion 2021) https://www.notion.so/blog/sharding-postgres-at-notion The Great Re-shard (Notion 2023) https://www.notion.so/blog/the-great-re-shard The growing pains of database architecture (Figma 2023) https://www.figma.com/blog/how-figma-scaled-to-multiple-databases/ Timescale multi-node https://docs.timescale.com/self-hosted/latest/multinode-timescaledb/about-multinode/ PgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcat SPQR https://github.com/pg-sharding/spqr PL/Proxy https://plproxy.github.io/ Sharding GitLab by top-level namespace https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/development/enablement/data_stores/database/doc/root-namespace-sharding.html Loose foreign keys (GitLab) https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/database/loose_foreign_keys.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Data types 37:01

לפני 2 years37:01

37:01

Nikolay and Michael discuss data types in PostgreSQL — including system types, choosing between types, types provided by extensions, and more. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Data Types (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html 10 tips for beginners https://postgres.ai/blog/20230722-10-postgres-tips-for-beginners Tid Scan (explain glossary) https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/tid-scan Don’t do this (wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Don't_Do_This Boundless `text` and back again https://brandur.org/text UUID episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuid I use ENUM (30min talk by Boriss Mejías) https://archive.fosdem.org/2021/schedule/event/postgresql_i_use_enum_vindicating_the_underdog_of_data_types/ Peter Geoghegan tweet https://twitter.com/petervgeoghegan/status/1680275871905775616 JSON episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/json pg_repack reorder columns discussion https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/issues/101 Use bigint https://blog.rustprooflabs.com/2021/06/postgres-bigint-by-default ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
High availability 40:40

לפני 2 years40:40

40:40

Nikolay and Michael discuss HA (high availability) — what it means, tools and techniques for maximising it, while going through some of the more common causes of downtime. Here are some links to some things they mentioned: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades https://github.com/shayonj/pg_easy_replicate/ pg_easy_replicate discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36405761 https://postgres.fm/episodes/connection-poolers https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq.html Support load balancing in libpq (new feature in Postgres 16) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/42/3679/ target_session_attrs options for high availability and scaling (2021; a post by Laurenz Albe) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/new-target_session_attrs-settings-for-high-availability-and-scaling-in-postgresql-v14/ Postgres 10 highlight - read-write and read-only mode of libpq (2016, a post by Michael Paquier) https://paquier.xyz/postgresql-2/postgres-10-libpq-read-write/ Postgres 10 highlight - Quorum set of synchronous standbys (2017, a post by Michael Paquier) https://paquier.xyz/postgresql-2/postgres-10-quorum-sync/ https://github.com/zalando/patroni https://postgres.fm/episodes/replication https://blog.rustprooflabs.com/2021/06/postgres-bigint-by-default Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need this: lock_timeout and retries (2021) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retries A fix in Patroni to mitigate a very long shutdown attempt when archive_command has a lot of WALs to archive https://github.com/zalando/patroni/pull/2067 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Beginner tips 40:18

לפני 2 years40:18

40:18

Nikolay and Michael discuss 10 beginner tips Nikolay recently shared — they go into a bit more detail on each, and even disagree a little on one or two! Here are some links to some things they mentioned: Nikolay’s tweet with all 10 tips: https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1679953049899642880 Tip 1: tuples are physical versions of rows Related episodes: https://postgres.fm/episodes/how-to-become-a-dba and https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updates Tip 2: always use EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Tip 3: throw away pgAdmin Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/psql-vs-guis Tip 4: enable as much logging as you can afford Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/default-configuration Tip 5: install pg_stat_statements Related episodes: https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_stat_statements and https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain , and https://postgres.fm/episodes/macro-query-analysis-intro Tip 6: run experiments on realistic data sets (use thin cloning and branching) Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/database-branching Tip 7: make sure data checksums are enabled Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruption Tip 8: tune autovacuum to run frequently and move faster Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/vacuum Tip 9: query optimization will eventually be more important than configuration tuning Related episodes: https://postgres.fm/episodes/intro-to-query-optimization and https://postgres.fm/episodes/102-query-optimization Tip 10: indexes need to be rebuilt, unfortunately, since their health decline over time Related episode: https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance Bonus tip: the official documentation, release notes, and source code comments/readmes are your friends! ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Connection poolers 31:29

לפני 2 years31:29

31:29

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres connection poolers — when and why we need them, the king that is PgBouncer, and the many new pretenders to the throne. Here are links to a few things they mentioned: max_connections https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS Improving Postgres Connection Scalability: Snapshots (blog post by Andres Freund) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/improving-postgres-connection-scalability-snapshots/ba-p/1806462 PgBouncer https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer Odyssey https://github.com/yandex/odyssey PgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcat Adopting PgCat: A Nextgen Postgres Proxy https://www.instacart.com/company/how-its-made/adopting-pgcat-a-nextgen-postgres-proxy/ Supavisor https://github.com/supabase/supavisor pgagroal https://github.com/agroal/pgagroal PgBouncer is useful, important, and fraught with peril (blog post from JP Camara) https://jpcamara.com/2023/04/12/pgbouncer-is-useful.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Anniversary mailbag 31:24

לפני 2 years31:24

31:24

Nikolay and Michael celebrate the podcast's 1 year anniversary by going through several questions and suggestions received over the year. Here are the questions and some links to things we mentioned: Question 1: Effect of wal_log_hints=on after bulk Deletes: Why next select runs slow and generated tons of WAL? https://twitter.com/dmx551/status/1598253188926570496 wal_log_hints https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-LOG-HINTS Exploring how SELECT Queries can produce disk writes https://blog.okmeter.io/postgresql-exploring-how-select-queries-can-produce-disk-writes-f36c8bee6b6f Question 2: How to get started reading PostgreSQL source code. Maybe a PostgreSQL style C reference guide to consult with for non C programmers https://twitter.com/andatki/status/1578088843940593678 So, you want to be a developer? https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/So,_you_want_to_be_a_developer%3F GitHub search https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Apostgres%2Fpostgres+wal_log_hints&type=code The Internals of PostgreSQL (by Hironobu SUZUKI) https://www.interdb.jp/pg/ PostgreSQL 14 Internals (by Egor Rogov) https://postgrespro.com/community/books/internals Question 3: Isolation Levels Primer/Strategies — their uses in different scenarios, battle tested strategies and insights, performance tradeoffs, edge cases to consider at scale (with replication and sharding, etc.) I remember reading some interesting stuff on the jepsen analysis https://jepsen.io/analyses/postgresql-12.3 about Postgres's Serializable Isolation Level behaving more like Snapshot Isolation. Has this type of behavior or another one similar to this affected you or your clients in any significant way? Transaction Isolation https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/transaction-iso.html What developers find surprising about Postgres transactions https://blog.lawrencejones.dev/isolation-levels/ Question 4: Data encryption in Postgres Cybertec Transparent Data Encryption https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/products/postgresql-transparent-data-encryption/ EDB Transparent Data Encryption https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/tde/latest/ Question 5: Migration from other DBMSs PostgreSQL transition/migration guide https://github.com/postgresql-transition-guide/guide Question 6: Latest failover best practices Patroni https://github.com/zalando/patroni ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_upgrade: the tricky and dangerous parts 25:38

לפני 2 years25:38

25:38

Nikolay (alone, again) reveals some issues that might hit those who perform major PostgreSQL upgrades with minimal downtime. Links: - "Upgrades" – PostgresFM episode 037: https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades - recovery_target_lsn: https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/recovery_target_lsn/ - recovery_target_action: https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/recovery_target_action/ - pg_easy_replicate https://github.com/shayonj/pg_easy_replicate/ - HN discussion of this tool: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36405761 - Waiting for Postgres 16: Logical decoding on standbys: https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-16-logical-decoding - pg_upgrade and logical replication (discussion in pgsql-hackers): https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/20230217075433.u5mjly4d5cr4hcfe%40jrouhaud - allow upgrading publisher node (proposal to natively support running pg_upgrade on publisher, WIP): https://commitfest.postgresql.org/43/4273/ - ❓🤔 pg_upgrade instructions involving "rsync --size-only" might lead to standby corruption? (discussion in pgsql-hackers): https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAM527d8heqkjG5VrvjU3Xjsqxg41ufUyabD9QZccdAxnpbRH-Q%40mail.gmail.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
UUID 22:11

לפני 2 years22:11

22:11

Lonely Nikolay discusses the performance aspects of using UUID for primary keys. Here are links to a few things I mentioned: "postgresql" posts on HN, most popular last week (Algolia search): https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=pastWeek&page=0&prefix=true&query=postgresql&sort=byPopularity&type=story Unexpected downsides of UUID keys in PostgreSQL (a post by Ants Aasma, Cybertec): https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/unexpected-downsides-of-uuid-keys-in-postgresql/ HN discussion of that post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36429986 Additional math by me (converting to bytes): https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1671962111092850689 Updated RFC4122 (proposal): https://github.com/ietf-wg-uuidrev/rfc4122bis Status of that proposal: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-uuidrev-rfc4122bis/history/ Patch UUID v7 (commitfest record): https://commitfest.postgresql.org/43/4388/ Postgres hacking with Andrey and Kirk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPq_hiOE-N8 (where that patch was developed) ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Memory 44:15

לפני 2 years44:15

44:15

Nikolay and Michael discuss memory in PostgreSQL — how it works, important settings, and how to go about tuning them. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Resource Consumption (PostgreSQL docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html Andres Freud tweet about shared_buffers https://twitter.com/AndresFreundTec/status/1438912583554113537 Henrietta (Hettie) Dombrovskaya https://hdombrovskaya.wordpress.com/about-the-author/ annotated.conf (by ash Berkus) https://github.com/jberkus/annotated.conf Our episode about checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Our episode about BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Analyzing the Limits of Connection Scalability in Postgres (blog post by Andres Freund) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/analyzing-the-limits-of-connection-scalability-in-postgres/ba-p/1757266#memory-usage Tuning memory parameters for Aurora PostgreSQL https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.BestPractices.Tuning-memory-parameters.html RDS for PostgreSQL memory https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Tuning.concepts.html#PostgreSQL.Tuning.concepts.memory EDB guide by Via Fearing https://www.enterprisedb.com/postgres-tutorials/introduction-postgresql-performance-tuning-and-optimization#resourceusage pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache pg_buffercache https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.html Process and Memory Architecture chapter (from Hironobu SUZUKI) https://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql02.html PostgreSQL 14 internals PDF book from Egor Rogov (pages 37, 184) https://edu.postgrespro.com/postgresql_internals-14_en.pdf src/backend/storage/buffer/README https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/storage/buffer/README pg_backend_memory_contexts (PostgreSQL 14+) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/view-pg-backend-memory-contexts.html pg_stat_io (coming in PostgreSQL 16) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEW pg_prewarm https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgprewarm.html Configuring work_mem blog post https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/work-mem ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Extensions 30:23

לפני 2 years30:23

30:23

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres extensions — what they are, how they affect your decisions around Postgres, and some things to keep in mind when using them. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Extensions (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/external-extensions.html Extension (pgPedia) https://pgpedia.info/e/extension.html pgvector https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector PL/Rust https://github.com/tcdi/plrust ZomboDB https://github.com/zombodb/zombodb Why is Postgres popular episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/why-is-postgres-popular Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus TimescaleDB https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb OrioleDB https://github.com/orioledb/orioledb PostGIS https://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/ “There’s an extension for that” (tweet from Robert Treat) https://twitter.com/robtreat2/status/1665735485883314178 RDS supported extensions https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/PostgreSQLReleaseNotes/postgresql-extensions.html RUM https://github.com/postgrespro/rum pg_repack https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack PGXN https://pgxn.org/ pgTrunk by CoreDB https://pgtrunk.io/ Dbdev by Supabase https://supabase.com/blog/dbdev StackGres https://github.com/ongres/stackgres pg_tle by AWS https://github.com/aws/pg_tle Modern Postgres monitoring (slides from Nikolay’s tutorial) https://twitter.com/samokhvalov/status/1664686535562625034 Awesome Postgres https://github.com/dhamaniasad/awesome-postgres ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Zero-downtime migrations 28:08

לפני 2 years28:08

28:08

Nikolay and Michael discuss zero-downtime schema migrations — why they're a challenge, a variety of different cases, and some things you can do to achieve them. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Comparison of JOINS: MongoDB vs. PostgreSQL (blog post by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández) Common DB schema change mistakes (blog post by Nikolay) lock_timeout and retries (blog post by Nikolay) lock_timeout Fast Column Creation with Defaults (blog post by Brandur) Database Schema Changes Without Downtime (new version of blog post by Braintree) Zero-downtime Postgres migrations - the hard parts (blog post from GoCardless) GitLab migration_helpers.rb GitLab migration style guide dblab ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Parallelism 44:24

לפני 2 years44:24

44:24

Nikolay and Michael discuss parallelism — both parallel query execution and other parallel operations. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Parallel query (docs) Parallelism in PostgreSQL 11 (talk by Thomas Munro) Parallelism in PostgreSQL 15 (talk by Thomas Munro) Towards Millions TPS (blog post by Alexander Korotkov) Memory resource consumption (docs) Our episode about index maintenance Our episode about partitioning Patch to make postgres_fdw parallel-safe (by Swarm64) PostgreSQL Parallelism Do’s and Don’ts (talk by Sebastian Dressler) Increasing max_parallel_workers_per_gather (blog post by Michael) ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Corruption 42:23

לפני 2 years42:23

42:23

Nikolay and Michael discuss database corruption — various types, how they can come about, and what to do (and not do) if you come across it. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: The dangers of streaming across versions of glibc (TripAdvisor mailing list thread) The floor is Java meme Data Corruption talk by Sebastian Webber (on Postgres TV) Data corruption monitoring & troubleshooting talk by Andrey Borodin (on Postgres TV) Postgres data corruption (document from Nikolay) Data Corruption and Bugs Runbook (document from Nikolay) Corruption (Postgres wiki) Checksums pg_checksums Original pg_checksums (by Credativ) amcheck Our episode on index maintenance 14.4 release notes about create index / reindex concurrently issue and fix amcheck to check unique constraints in btree indexes (Commitfest entry) amcheck verification of GiST and GIN (Commitfest entry) How to corrupt your Postgres database (blog post from Cybertec) Christophe Pettus talk Christophe Pettus slides pg_hexedit pageinspect pg_catcheck ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on YouTube, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
ChatGPT x  PostgreSQL 35:01

לפני 2 years35:01

35:01

Nikolay and Michael discuss using ChatGPT for Postgres tasks — should you, if so what for, and some things to be mindful of! Here are links to a few things we mentioned: ChatGPT Nikolay’s polls on Twitter and on LinkedIn The Art of PostgreSQL (book by Dimitri Fontaine) SQL Performance Explained (book by Markus Winand) Nikolay’s YouTube correction about deletes and index amplification Don’t use ChatGPT to solve problems (blog post by Christophe Pettus) Query optimization session with ChatGPT, Michael, and Nikolay (on YouTube) DBeaver SmartAssistance feature Depesz anonymization feature ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on YouTube, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_stat_statements 45:51

לפני 2 years45:51

45:51

Nikolay and Michael discuss pg_stat_statements — why everyone should use it, but also some downsides! Here are links to a few things we mentioned: pg_stat_statements (docs) pg_stat_statements (PgPedia) PGSQL Phriday Observer effect in pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache (Postgres Hacking session on Postgres TV) track_io_timing (docs) Overhead comment (by Tom Kate, via Jeremy Schneider) pg_stat_monitor PGCon Our episode on query analysis Marginalia ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on YouTube, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
auto_explain 37:18

לפני 2 years37:18

37:18

Nikolay and Michael discuss auto_explain — what it is, how it can help, and how to check it's overhead. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: auto_explain (docs) ScaleGrid guide to auto_explain Can auto_explain, with timing, have low overhead? (Blog post by Michael) pgBadger pg_stat_monitor EXPLAIN ANALYZE may be lying to you (blog post by Álvaro from Ongres) pg_test_timing Our episode on benchmarking Database Lab Engine ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on YouTube, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Queues in Postgres 39:48

לפני 2 years39:48

39:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss queues in Postgres — the pros and cons vs dedicated queuing tools, and some tips for scaling. A couple of apologies-in-advance: Near the end, we incorrectly say "idempotent" when we meant "stateless", and also 50 TPS instead of 500 TPS We also had a couple of audio issues, sorry! Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Recent discussion on Hacker News PgQ What is SKIP LOCKED (blog post by Craig Ringer) autovacuum Postgres queues (blog post by Brandur) pg_repack Our episode on partitioning Nikolay’s Twitter poll Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Read-only considerations 39:50

לפני 2 years39:50

39:50

Nikolay and Michael discuss a listener request — special considerations for databases that are used in a read-only mode all day, and get an update at night with additional data. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Index-only scans Vacuum UK Covid-19 dashboard pg_repack Partitioning Our episode on BRIN indexes Always load sorted data (blog post by Haki Benita) GIN indexes: the good and the bad (blog post by Lukas Fittl) Our episode on materialised views pg_buffercache Towards Millions TPS (blog post by Alexander Korotkov) Postgres WASM (by Snaplet and Supabase) Yugabyte AWS Aurora Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (docs) Our episode on checkpoint tuning Our episode on partitioning PgQ Neon branching Database Lab Engine Cluster ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Partitioning 34:04

לפני 2 years34:04

34:04

Nikolay and Michael discuss table partitioning — what it is, why and when it's helpful, and some considerations for your partition key. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Partitioning docs pg_partman Index maintenance episode Timescale partitioning pg_cron Xtreme PostgreSQL (talk by Christophe Pettus) Database Antipatterns (also by Christophe, slides 46-49) Understanding an outage (blog post by Duffel) ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Peter Zaitsev 43:15

לפני 2 years43:15

43:15

This week we're sharing an edited version of Nikolay's recent interview with Peter Zaitsev from Percona — they discuss MySQL vs Postgres, Percona’s success, open source licenses, FerretDB, and databases on Kubernetes… phew! And here are some links to a few things mentioned: Percona pgCloudHacker browser extension PMM Percona Distribution for PostgreSQL FerretDB Peter's Twitter profile Peter's LinkedIn profile ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
psql vs GUIs 31:12

לפני 2 years31:12

31:12

Nikolay and Michael discuss command line and graphical user interfaces for Postgres — what they are, some tips and tricks for learning, and what we each use and prefer. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: psql (docs) psql is awesome! (talk by Lætitia Avrot) psql tips (site by Lætitia Avrot) pgAdmin Postico DBeaver DataGrip PgManage (new Command Prompt fork of OmniDB) PopSQL postgres_dba pspg Materialized views episode pgcli ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Upgrades 40:18

לפני 2 years40:18

40:18

Nikolay and Michael discuss major and minor version Postgres upgrades — what they are, how often they come out, and how regularly we should be upgrading. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Postgres versioning policy why-upgrade (by depesz) postgresqlco.nf (by Ongres) postgresql.conf comparison (by Rustproof Labs) pg_upgrade Logical replication CHECKPOINT amcheck Locale data changes (e.g. glibc upgrades) ANALYZE Upgrades are hard (summary of panel discussion by Andreas 'ads' Scherbaum) spilo Recent pgsql hackers discussion about using logical and pg_upgrade together ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Wait events 31:23

לפני 2 years31:23

31:23

Nikolay and Michael discuss wait events — what they are, why we have them, and how to use them to help diagnose performance issues. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Wait events table (docs) 9.6 release notes PostgreSQL Scalability (blog post by Alexander Korotkov) Wait event analysis in pganalyze auto_explain Database Lab Engine track_io_timing pg_test_timing pgBadger Coroot Okmeter pgwatch2 Postgres.ai Edition pg_wait_sampling pgsentinel Datadog AWS RDS docs for PostgreSQL wait events pgMustard newsletter PASH Viewer pgCenter Intro to query optimisation episode Monitoring checklist episode ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
TOAST 28:11

לפני 2 years28:11

28:11

Nikolay and Michael discuss TOAST (The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique) — what it is, how it works, and some general things to be aware of. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: TOAST docs TOAST wiki Hussein Nasser on rows per page (Twitter) Toasting in action (dbi services blog) Interview with Peter Zaitsev (Postgres TV) Building columnar compression in a row-oriented database (Timescale blog post) The Surprising Impact of Medium-Size Texts on PostgreSQL Performance (blog post by Haki Benita ) PostgreSQL at Scale: Saving Space Basically for Free (blog post by Braintree on column Tetris) postgres_dba alignment padding query ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
JSON 31:59

לפני 2 years31:59

31:59

Nikolay and Michael discuss JSON — our options for storing it in Postgres, whether or when we should, as well as a brief intro and some tips for JSON functions available. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: hstore XML type XML functions JSON types JSON functions JSONB indexing NULLS episode Why Postgres is popular episode PostgreSQL 12 release notes What’s New in SQL:2016 (blog post by Markus Winand) SQL/JSON is postponed (blog post by depesz) JSON[b] Roadmap (talk by Oleg Bartunov) Slides, with benchmarks RUM access method JSON in PostgreSQL: how to use it right (blog post by Laurenz Albe from Cybertec) pg_jsonschema TOAST_TUPLE_TARGET and TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD The Surprising Impact of Medium-Size Texts on PostgreSQL Performance (blog post by Haki Benita) Aggregate functions How to store and index json data (blog post by ScaleGrid) When to avoid JSONB (blog post by Heap) FerretDB ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Real-time analytics 34:02

לפני 2 years34:02

34:02

Nikolay and Michael discuss real-time analytics — what it means, what the options are, and some tips if you're trying to implement it within Postgres. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Loose index scan / skip scan with recursive CTE (wiki) Zheap (wiki) cstore_fdw (now part of Citus) Timescale compression docs Hydra founders interview (on Postgres TV) Materialised views episode pg_ivm Timescale continuous aggregates docs Clickhouse Snowflake Replication episode Timescale bottomless storage on S3 (blog post) pg_partman Querying Postgres from DuckDB (blog post) Heap blog (filter by “Engineering”) Incremental View Maintenance (wiki) PostgreSQL HyperLogLog Faster counting (by Joe Nelson on the Citus blog) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Benchmarking 36:46

לפני 2 years36:46

36:46

Nikolay and Michael discuss benchmarking — reasons to do it, and some approaches, tools, and resources that can help. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Towards Millions TPS (blog post by Alexander Korotkov) Episode on testing Episode on buffers pgbench sysbench Improving Postgres Connection Scalability (blog post by Andres Freund) pgreplay pgreplay-go JMeter pg_qualstats pg_query Database experimenting/benchmarking (talk by Nikolay, 2018) Database testing (talk by Nikolay at PGCon, 2022) Systems Performance (Brendan Gregg’s book, chapter 12) fio Netdata Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay including Netdata exports) WAL compression benchmarks (by Vitaly from Postgres.ai) Dumping/restoring a 1 TiB database benchmarks (by Vitaly from Postgres.ai) PostgreSQL on EXT3/4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS (talk slides from Tomas Vondra) Insert benchmark on ARM and x86 cloud servers (blog post by Mark Callaghan) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Default configuration 32:21

לפני 2 years32:21

32:21

Nikolay and Michael discuss the default config — some tools and principles you can use to customise it, as well as several parameters you probably always want to change. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: shared_buffers Andres Freund tweets about shared_buffers PGTune Leopard Cybertec Configurator pg_stat_statements JIT configuration postgresqlco.nf annotated.conf OtterTune work_mem random_page_cost max_connections What to log max_wal_size WAL and checkpoint tuning episode effective_cache_size Intro to Performance Tuning and Optimization (EDB guide) max_parallel_workers_per_gather ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Infra cost optimization 28:00

לפני 2 years28:00

28:00

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: The Cost of Cloud, a Trillion Dollar Paradox (blog post from Andreessen Horowitz) OVH Hetzner postgresql_cluster Why we're leaving the cloud (blog post by DHH from Basecamp) Managed services vs. DIY episode ec2instances.info Vantage Postgres TV episode with Everett Berry from Vantage Migrating to Aurora: easy except the bill (blog post by Kimberly Nicholls from Gridium) Database Lab Engine Postgres.ai consulting Netdata sysbench fio Query macro analysis episode Top queries by buffers (Gist from Michael) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Auditing 35:32

לפני 2 years35:32

35:32

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Crunchy Data PostgreSQL Security Technical Implementation Guide (STIG) pgAudit (site) pgAudit (repo) noset (extension) Splunk Kibana Timescale CREATE TRIGGER docs Transition table triggers (blog post by David Fetter) Table Audit (blog post by Lorenzo Alberton) Row change auditing options (blog post by CYBERTEC) Hydra founders interview (on Postgres TV) max_slot_wal_keep_size eBPF Building a perf-like tool for PostgreSQL (talk by Ronan Dunklau) Party tricks for PostgreSQL: perf, ftrace and bpftrace (talk by Dmitry Dolgov) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Copying a database 39:25

לפני 2 years39:25

39:25

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: pg_dump pg_restore pgcopydb (tool by Dimitri Fontaine) pg_dump and external snapshots (blog post by Michael Paquier) Systems Performance (book by Brendan Gregg) Performance troubleshooting methodologies (two part talk by Brendan Gregg) pg_basebackup wal-g pgBackRest Database Lab Engine Database branching episode ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Transaction ID wraparound 35:14

לפני 2 years35:14

35:14

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: The Internals of PostgreSQL chapter 5 (book by Hironobu SUZUKI) PostgreSQL 14 internals chapter 7 (book by Egor Rogov) Transaction ID Wraparound (blog post from Sentry) What We Learned from the Recent Mandrill Outage (blog post from Mailchimp) How to simulate transaction ID wraparound (blog post by Prashant Dixit) Add 64-bit XIDs into PostgreSQL 16 (commitfest entry) Partitioning (docs) Consider using VACUUM’s INDEX_CLEANUP option (tweet by Peter Geoghan) Add wraparound failsafe to VACUUM (commit) Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) Multixacts wraparound monitoring (mailing list thread) Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) Buffer management in PostgreSQL (talk by Alexander Korotkov) OrioleDB pageinspect pg_hexedit pg_visibility Visibility Map (docs) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres year in review 2022 33:26

לפני 2 years33:26

33:26

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: 1. Startups building momentum Aiven raised $210m Timescale raised $110m Hasura raised $100m Supabase raised $80m Neon raised $30m Hydra OrioleDB 2. Educational resources Postgres FM started 👋 Postgres TV became more active (including topic playlists) Tobias Petry tips on Twitter and SQL for Devs Hussein Nasser YouTube channel (backend engineering) Postgres Weekly (newsletter) 3. Sharding progress Citus goes fully open source SPQR pgcat Sharding Postgres at Notion (blog post) PlanetScale (MySQL) 4. Database branching is coming Database Lab Engine Neon branching OrioleDB branching Crunchy Bridge Database branching episode 5. Postgres is everywhere All cloud providers AlloyDB announced Kubernetes operators (comparison blog post) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Row estimates 31:51

לפני 2 years31:51

31:51

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: ANALYZE (docs) Autovacuum config (docs) Statistics used by the planner (docs) CREATE STATISTICS (docs) Row count estimates (pgMustard blog post) pg_hint_plan Optimizer methodology (talk by Robert Haas) Tomáš Vondra on statistics and hints (an excellent interview we forgot to mention, sorry!) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Replication 37:56

לפני 2 years37:56

37:56

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Replication (docs) 9.0 release notes (including built-in replication) Slony Londiste pg_is_in_recovery (pgPedia page) Patroni Multiple Databases with Active Record hot_standby_feedback (docs) max_standby_archive_delay or max_standby_streaming_delay (for WAL-shipping and WAL-streaming respectively) synchronous_commit Synchronous replicas Database Lab Engine Neon Branching Past, Present, and Future of Logical Replication (Postgres TV with Amit Kapila) Failover of logical replication slots in Patroni (Postgres TV with Alexander Kukushkin) PostgreSQL Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) Why we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions (blog post by GitLab) Fivetran ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Timestamps 26:18

לפני 2 years26:18

26:18

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Date/Time Types (docs) Don’t use timestamp without time zone (wiki) Date/Time functions and operators (docs) Postgres AT TIME ZONE explained (blog post by Bruce Momjian) Our episode on BRIN indexes RUM indexes allballs (mailing list thread) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
PostgREST 29:05

לפני 3 years29:05

29:05

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: PostgREST documentation Supabase No offset (blog post by Markus Winand) JSON functions and operators (PostgreSQL docs) Stored procedures (a previous Postgres FM episode) PostGraphile Hasura Parse, Inc. Firebase PostgresML PgQ ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Materialized views 41:03

לפני 3 years41:03

41:03

Apologies, Michael's audio is not great in this, we'll hopefully be back to normal next week! Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Materialized views (docs) Refresh materialized view (docs) Timescale blog post PlanetScale Boost (content warning: MySQL) Incremental Materialized Views with pg_ivm (video by Lukas Fittl) Articles on how to do your own incremental updates(?) Materialize (company) Materialize talk Incremental View Maintenance (Postgres wiki) Implementing Incremental View Maintenance (mailing list thread) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
HOT updates 30:13

לפני 3 years30:13

30:13

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Heap-only tuple updates (docs) README file (source code) Heap Only Tuple chapter (Internals of PostgreSQL by Hironobu SUZUKI) How partial, covering, and multicolumn indexes may slow down UPDATEs (blog post by Nikolay) Why Uber switched from Postgres to MySQL (blog post) Fighting write amplification with HOT updates (Adyen blog post) HOT Updates vs Bottom-Up Index Deletion (video by Lukas Fittl from pganalyze) Reduced Bloat with Bottom-Up Deletion (blog post by Hamid Akthar from Percona) What is fillfactor and how does it affect performance? (blog post by Kaarel Moppel from Cybertec) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Database branching 31:15

לפני 3 years31:15

31:15

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Database Lab Engine Overview of Aurora cloning PlanetScale branching Common DB schema change mistakes (blog post by Nikolay) Supabase vision Neon branching Shift-left testing ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Version control for databases 31:21

לפני 3 years31:21

31:21

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: A brief history of Version Control Systems (blog post by Mehran Hajirajabi) Redgate Source Control for Oracle (and SQL Server) Flyway Sqitch Liquibase pgAdmin Schema Diff Migra PostgresCompare Schema based versioning and deployment (blog post by Valentine Gogichashvili) Change management tools and techniques (PostgreSQL Wiki) GitLab migration_helpers.rb Database schema changes without downtime (blog post by James Coleman from Braintree/PayPal) Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need lock_timeout and retries (blog post by Nikolay) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Contributing to Postgres 33:07

לפני 3 years33:07

33:07

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: PostgreSQL 14 coin (upside down!) Intro to Planner Hacking (talk by Melanie Plageman) Demystifying contributing to PostgreSQL (talk by Lætitia Avrot) How to become a PostgreSQL contributor (blog post by Aleksander Alekseev) Compile and install from source code (PostgreSQL Wiki) PostgreSQL mailing lists GitHub PostgreSQL mirror GitLab PostgreSQL mirror Commitfests So, you want to be a developer? (PostgreSQL Wiki) Resolving the search engine issue (mailing list thread) Planet PostgreSQL pg_stat_monitor (extension by Percona) ZomboDB pgx (framework for developing extensions) Awesome Postgres Depesz blog ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Stored procedures 35:47

לפני 3 years35:47

35:47

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Extending SQL PostgREST PL/pgSQL EdgeDB pgTAP Sqitch Flyway Liquibase client_min_messages log_min_messages RAISE DEBUG Simplify: move code into database functions (blog post by Derek Sivers) PL/sh Supabase auto_explain.log_nested_statements Hasura ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov / @michristofides / @PostgresFM , or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
PostgreSQL 15 29:39

לפני 3 years29:39

29:39

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: PostgreSQL 15 release notes Speeding up sort performance in Postgres 15 (blog post by David Rowley) Past, Present, and Future of Logical Replication (talk by Amit Kapila) Postgres 15 improves UNIQUE and NULL (blog post by Ryan Lambert) Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) Why upgrade PostgreSQL? (by depesz) What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @PostgresFM or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) ------------------------ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov , founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides , founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
102 Query optimization 31:28

לפני 3 years31:28

31:28

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: pg_plan_advsr How partial, covering, and multicolumn indexes may slow down UPDATEs (blog post by Nikolay) Why Uber Switched from Postgres to MySQL (blog post) pganalyze index advisor Nancy bot (project is not active) pgreplay pgreplay go Real Application Testing on YugabyteDB with pgreplay (blog post by Franck Pachot) pg_query Database Lab thin clones Migrating to Aurora: easy except the bill (blog post by Kimberley Nicholls) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @PostgresFM or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov , founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides , founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Why is Postgres popular? 31:01

לפני 3 years31:01

31:01

This episode was badly affected by internet issues. Hopefully the edit came out ok, but the quality should be back to a better level from next week. Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Monthly blog event, PGSQL Phriday (blog post from Ryan Booz) Who or what made Postgres cool? (tweet from Kenneth Cassel) PostGIS Acquisition of Sun by Oracle DB-Engines trend Hacker News hiring trends Supabase on GitHub (nearly 40k stars) How I Built This (podcast) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @PostgresFM or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov , founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides , founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Index maintenance 32:41

לפני 3 years32:41

32:41

Important correction from this episode: amcheck promises no false positives, not no false negatives, sorry! Here are links to a few things we mentioned: pgstattuple pg_repack postgres-checkup Workload Analysis for GitLab.com Bloat Analysis (also from GitLab) Bloat, pg_repack, and deferred constraints (blog post by Miro) amcheck Peter Geoghegan interview (on Postgres TV) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Query macro analysis intro 33:29

לפני 3 years33:29

33:29

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: pg_stat_statements pgFouine pgBadger pg_query pg_stat_activity auto_explain Can auto_explain (with timing) have low overhead? (blog post by Michael) track_io_timing pgbench PgHero pgCenter pgwatch2 (Postgres AI edition) pg_stat_kcache PASH Viewer ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides or by commenting on our topic ideas Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
WAL and checkpoint tuning 37:46

לפני 3 years37:46

37:46

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: LSN (log sequence number) On the impact of full-page writes (blog post by Tomas Vondra) Deep dive on Aurora Postgres (talk by Grant McAlister) Netdata monitoring PostgresqlCO.NF pgPedia ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Intro to query optimization 33:14

לפני 3 years33:14

33:14

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Using EXPLAIN (PostgreSQL documentation) explain.depesz.com explain.dalibo.com pgMustard EverSQL pganalyze pg_stat_monitor (Extension by Percona) Recent thread on hackers mailing list about plan_id in pg_stat_activity auto_explain EXPLAIN observer effect (Ongres blog post by Álvaro Hernández) auto_explain overhead (blog post by Michael) pg_test_timing Database Lab Engine (for thin clones) Our previous episode on BUFFERS EXPLAIN Explained (talk by Josh Berkus) A beginner's guide to EXPLAIN (talk by Michael) A deeper dive into EXPLAIN (talk by Michael) EXPLAIN glossary (pgMustard docs) Topic suggestions document ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides or by commenting on our Google doc . If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
How to become a DBA 32:31

לפני 3 years32:31

32:31

And few things we mentioned: Topic request on Reddit — thanks HerbyHoover! Haki Benita's blog PostgreSQL documentation (table of contents) Planet PostgreSQL (blog aggregator) MVCC Unmasked (by Bruce Momjian) The Internals of PostgreSQL (by Hironobu SUZUKI) PostgreSQL 14 Internals — parts I and II (by Egor Rogov) Cybertec blog modern-sql.com (by Markus Winand) use-the-index-luke.com (by Markus Winand) The Art of PostgreSQL (by Dimitri Fontaine) explain.depesz.com explain.dalibo.com ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Monitoring checklist 27:01

לפני 3 years27:01

27:01

Monitoring checklist (dashboard 1): TPS and (optional but also desired) QPS Latency (query duration) — at least average. Better: histogram, percentiles Connections (sessions) — stacked graph of session counts by state (first of all: active and idle-in-transaction; also interesting: idle, others) and how far the sum is from max_connection (+pool size for PgBouncer). Longest transactions (max transaction age or top-n transactions by age), excluding autovacuum activity Commits vs rollbacks — how many transactions are rolled back Transactions left till transaction ID wraparound Replication lags / bytes in replication slot / unused replication slots Count of WALs waiting to be archived (archiving lag) WAL generation rates Locks and deadlocks Basic query analysis graph (top-n by total_time or by mean_time?) Basic wait event analysis (a.k.a. “active session analysis” or “performance insights”) And links to a few things we mentioned: Postgres monitoring review checklist (community document) pgstats.dev Improving Postgres Connection Scalability: Snapshots (blog post by Andres Freund) Transaction ID Wraparound in Postgres (blog post by David Cramer) Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) datadoghq.com pgwatch2 (Postgres.ai Edition) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Vacuum 32:21

לפני 3 years32:21

32:21

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) Autovacuum tuning (EDB guide) When autovacuum does not vacuum (2ndQuadrant blog post by Tomas Vondra) Autovacuum tuning basics (old 2ndQuadrant blog post) Discussion with Anastasia Lubennikova (on RuPostgres, in Russian) B-tree indexes (talk by Anastasia Lubennikova, in English) Discussion with Peter Geoghegan (on Postgres TV) pg_repack pg_squeeze ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
NULLs: the good, the bad, the ugly, and the unknown 27:10

לפני 3 years27:10

27:10

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: Three-valued_logic (Wikipedia) Postgres 15 improves UNIQUE and NULL (blog post by Ryan Lambert) Practical SQL for Data Analysis — Interpolation (blog post by Haki Benita) What is the deal with NULLs? (blog post by Jeff Davis) NULL in SQL: Indicating the Absence of Data (Markus Winand on Modern SQL) The Art of PostgreSQL (book by Dimitri Fontaine) ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
BUFFERS by default 33:58

לפני 3 years33:58

33:58

Here are links to a few things we mentioned: EXPLAIN parameters (PostgreSQL documentation) EXPLAIN (ANALYZE) needs BUFFERS (blog post by Nikolay) Using BUFFERS for query optimization (blog post by Michael) H3 indexes on PostGIS data (blog post by Ryan Lambert) Turning BUFFERS on by default (latest patch) pgMustard explain.depesz.com explain.dalibo.com Database Lab Engine ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
BRIN indexes 36:07

לפני 3 years36:07

36:07

Here are links to the two main resources we mentioned: Paul Ramsey's recent blog post on BRIN indexes Tomas Vondra's slides on BRIN index improvements A few other things we mentioned: B-tree Wikipedia page pg_repack pg_squeeze ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Managed services vs. DIY 32:52

לפני 3 years32:52

32:52

A well as discussing pros and cons, we mentioned a LOT of different providers and tools, and a few good articles/videos too. 😅 Here are links to most of them, roughly in the order they came up: How Auto Trader migrated its on-prem databases to Cloud SQL PostgreSQL Community Panel: Upgradability Postgres TV Open Talks PostgreSQL Conference Europe Hannu Krosing — excellent vacuum talk pg_docs_bot — browser extension for getting to the current docs Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Google Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL Heroku Postgres Crunchy Bridge Spilo: HA PostgreSQL Clusters with Docker Aiven for PostgreSQL AlloyDB for PostgreSQL Neon Yugabyte ScaleGrid PostgreSQL Hosting StackGres Timescale OrioleDB Citus Supabase PlanetScale pg_stat_kcache pg_wait_sampling EDB BigAnimal Azure Database for PostgreSQL ------------------------ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Slow queries and slow transactions 26:00

לפני 3 years26:00

26:00

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know by tweeting us on @samokhvalov and @michristofides If you would like to share this episode, here's a good link (and thank you!) We also have an uncut video version on YouTube . Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork…

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