LIMIT vs Performance

Postgres FM

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תוכן מסופק על ידי Michael Christofides and Nikolay Samokhvalov. כל תוכן הפודקאסטים כולל פרקים, גרפיקה ותיאורי פודקאסטים מועלים ומסופקים ישירות על ידי Michael Christofides and Nikolay Samokhvalov או שותף פלטפורמת הפודקאסט שלהם. אם אתה מאמין שמישהו משתמש ביצירה שלך המוגנת בזכויות יוצרים ללא רשותך, אתה יכול לעקוב אחר התהליך המתואר כאן https://he.player.fm/legal.

Disrupting Peace

1
Gen Z is Taking Their First Steps onto the Political Stage 42:29

לפני 15 ימים42:29

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לייק

אהבתי

42:29

How do Gen Z Americans feel about democracy? The short answer: overall they believe in its principles, but don’t feel it’s working for them. In this episode, we explore unique ways that Gen Z is engaging in democracy (and not engaging), and what people of all ages need to do to encourage the next generation of peaceful leaders. Ruby-Belle Booth is a researcher with CIRCLE, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement at Tufts University , where she graduated in 2021 . Ruby is interested in youth civic participation as a pathway for social, racial, and economic justice. She co-authored the report, “ How Does Gen Z Really Feel About Democracy? Insights from Three Profiles of Youth and Democracy ." Alex Edgar is a Youth Engagement Manager at Made by Us, a coalition of over 400 US museums that use history to inform and inspire civic participation among younger generations. He graduated from UC Berkeley in 2024. Learn more about Alex’s work at: www.historymadebyus.org Disrupting Peace is a production of The World Peace Foundation. The show is produced by Bridget Conley and Emily Shaw. Engineering by Jacob Winik and Aja Simpson. Marketing and Social media by Emily Ruhm and Kaelen Song. Show artwork by Simon Fung. Special thanks to Jeremy Helton, Lisa Avery, B. Arneson, and Alex de Waal, and the team from the Tufts Digital Design Studio, including Kimberly Lynn Forero-Arnias, and Miles Donovan. Find out more about the World Peace Foundation at worldpeacefoundation.org . Follow us on Bluesky at worldpeacefdtn.bsky.social , and on Instagram at @worldpeacefdtn .…

לפני שנה 45:23

MP3•בית הפרקים

Nikolay and Michael discuss LIMIT in Postgres — what it does, how it can help with performance, and an interesting example where adding it can actually hurt performance(!)
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

LIMIT considered harmful in PostgreSQL (Twitter thread by Christophe Pettus) https://twitter.com/Xof/status/1413542818673577987
LIMIT and OFFSET (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-limit.html
No OFFSET (by Markus Winand) https://use-the-index-luke.com/no-offset
LIMIT clause (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-select.html#SQL-LIMIT

~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!

~~~

Postgres FM is brought to you by:

Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai
Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard

With special thanks to:

Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork

161 פרקים

#Tech #News #Tech News #Michael Christofides #Nikolay Samokhvalov #Postgres #PostgreSQL #Database #SQL #Technology

LIMIT vs Performance

Postgres FM

34 subscribers

published לפני שנה

שתפו

MP3•בית הפרקים

LIMIT considered harmful in PostgreSQL (Twitter thread by Christophe Pettus) https://twitter.com/Xof/status/1413542818673577987
LIMIT and OFFSET (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-limit.html
No OFFSET (by Markus Winand) https://use-the-index-luke.com/no-offset
LIMIT clause (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-select.html#SQL-LIMIT

~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!

~~~

Postgres FM is brought to you by:

Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai
Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard

With special thanks to:

Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork

161 פרקים

#Tech #News #Tech News #Michael Christofides #Nikolay Samokhvalov #Postgres #PostgreSQL #Database #SQL #Technology

כל הפרקים

1
User management 39:00

לפני 5 ימים39:00

39:00

Nik and Michael discuss user management in Postgres — how roles work, making administration easier, setting passwords, and avoiding them being logged. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Roles https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/user-manag.html Privileges https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-priv.html ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html GRANT https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-grant.html REASSIGN OWNED https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reassign-owned.html ALTER ROLE (including SET) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterrole.html CREATE ROLE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createrole.html Have I Been Pwned https://haveibeenpwned.com Pwned Passwords API https://haveibeenpwned.com/API/v3#PwnedPasswords Crunchy Data PostgreSQL Security Technical Implementation Guide (STIG) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/announcing-the-crunchy-data-postgresql-stig Our episode on auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Postgres 18 55:43

לפני 12 ימים55:43

55:43

Nik and Michael discuss the newly released Postgres 18 — the bigger things it includes, some of their personal highlights, and some thoughts towards the future. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Postgres 18 announcement https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-18-released-3142 Postgres 18 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html Skip scan episode with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan Easier Postgres fine-tuning with online_advisor https://neon.com/blog/easier-postgres-fine-tuning-with-online_advisor pganalyze Index Advisor https://pganalyze.com/index-advisor BUFFERS by default https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Buffers II (the sequel) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel Return of the BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/return-of-the-buffers UUID https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuid Partitioning by ULID https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning-by-ulid uuidv7 and uuid_extract_timestamp functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-uuid.html Add --no-policies option to pg_dump, pg_dumpall, and pg_restore https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=cd3c45125 Add ONLY support for VACUUM and ANALYZE https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=62ddf7ee9 Make "vacuumdb --analyze-only" process partitioned tables (committed recently for Postgres 19) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5871/ NOT VALID constraints https://postgres.fm/episodes/not-valid-constraints The year of the Lock Manager’s Revenge (post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability Increase the number of fast-path lock slots https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=c4d5cb71d "enable" parameters will work differently in Postgres 18 https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/enable-parameters-work-differently-in-postgres-18 logerrors https://github.com/munakoiso/logerrors ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Gadget's use of Postgres 52:59

לפני 19 ימים52:59

52:59

Nik and Michael are joined by Harry Brundage from Gadget to talk about their recent zero-downtime major version upgrade, how they use Postgres more generally, their dream database, and some challenges of providing Postgres as an abstracted service at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Harry Brundage https://postgres.fm/people/harry-brundage Gadget https://gadget.dev Zero downtime Postgres upgrades using logical replication (blog post) https://gadget.dev/blog/zero-downtime-postgres-upgrades-using-logical-replication HOT updates https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html PgDog https://pgdog.dev Multigres https://multigres.com Neki https://www.neki.dev Running 10 Million PostgreSQL Indexes In Production (Heap blog post) https://www.heap.io/blog/running-10-million-postgresql-indexes-in-production pgwatch2 (Postgres.ai Edition) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2 Advanced query insights on AlloyDB https://cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/advanced-query-insights-overview OrioleDB https://www.orioledb.com Not discussed but relevant: Gadget have also now published a blog post about their sharding! https://gadget.dev/blog/sharding-our-core-postgres-database-without-any-downtime ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
turbopuffer 49:36

לפני 26 ימים49:36

49:36

Nik and Michael are joined by Simon Eskildsen from turbopuffer — among other things, they discuss ANN index types, tradeoffs that can make sense for search workloads, and when it can make sense to move search out of Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Simon Eskildsen https://postgres.fm/people/simon-eskildsen turbopuffer https://turbopuffer.com Use ULID Idempotency Keys (tip 6 in this blog post from Shopify) https://shopify.engineering/building-resilient-payment-systems PostgreSQL 18 Release Candidate 1 https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-18-rc-1-released-3130 Understanding DiskANN (blog post by Junaid Ahmed) https://www.tigerdata.com/blog/understanding-diskann SPFresh: Incremental In-Place Update for Billion-Scale Vector Search (paper) https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14452 Amazon S3 adds new functionality for conditional writes https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/11/amazon-s3-functionality-conditional-writes Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/s3/features/vectors ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
When not to use Postgres 46:17

לפני 5 weeks46:17

46:17

Nik and Michael discuss when not to use Postgres — specifically use cases where it still makes sense to store data in another system. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Just use Postgres (blog post by Ethan McCue) https://mccue.dev/pages/8-16-24-just-use-postgres Just Use Postgres for Everything (blog post by Stephan Schmidt) https://www.amazingcto.com/postgres-for-everything Real-time analytics episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analytics Crunchy Data Joins Snowflake https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/crunchy-data-joins-snowflake Two sizes fit most: PostgreSQL and Clickhouse (blog post by Sid Sijbrandij) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/two-sizes-fit-most-postgresql-and-clickhouse pg_duckdb episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_duckdb Cloudberry https://github.com/apache/cloudberry Time-series considerations episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/time-series-considerations Queues in Postgres episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Large Objects https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/largeobjects.html PGlite https://pglite.dev ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com ZomboDB https://github.com/zombodb/zombodb turbopuffer https://turbopuffer.com HNSW vs. DiskANN (blog post by Haziqa Sajid) https://www.tigerdata.com/learn/hnsw-vs-diskann SPANN: Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (paper) https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SPANN_finalversion1.pdf Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/s3/features/vectors Iterative Index Scans added to pgvector in 0.8.0 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/678 S3 FDW from Supabase https://github.com/supabase/wrappers/tree/main/wrappers/src/fdw/s3_fdw ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Disks 46:13

לפני 6 weeks46:13

46:13

Nik and Michael discuss disks in relation to Postgres — why they matter, how saturation can happen, some modern nuances, and how to prepare to avoid issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nik’s tweet demonstrating a NOTIFY hot spot https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1959468091035009245 Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale (blog post by Recall ai) https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale track_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMING pg_test_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtesttiming.html PlanetScale for Postgres https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres Out of disk episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-disk 100TB episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832 Fio https://github.com/axboe/fio ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Multi-column indexes 41:21

לפני 7 weeks41:21

41:21

Nik and Michael discuss multi-column indexes in Postgres — what they are, how to think about them, and some guidance around using them effectively. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Multicolumn Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html Our episode on Index-only scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scans Combining Multiple Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-bitmap-scans.html Enable BUFFERS with EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 “PostgreSQL includes an implementation of the standard btree […] The only limitation is that an index entry cannot exceed approximately one-third of a page” https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree.html Our episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updates Our episode on LIMIT vs Performance https://postgres.fm/episodes/limit-vs-performance ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Self-driving Postgres 59:13

לפני 8 weeks59:13

59:13

Nikolay and Michael discuss self-driving Postgres — what it could mean, using self-driving cars as a reference, and ideas for things to build and optimize for in this area. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nikolay’s blog post on Self-driving Postgres https://postgres.ai/blog/20250725-self-driving-postgres SAE J3016 levels of driving automation https://www.sae.org/news/2019/01/sae-updates-j3016-automated-driving-graphic Oracle Autonomous Database https://www.oracle.com/uk/autonomous-database/ Self-Driving Database Management Systems (2017 paper) https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2017/p42-pavlo-cidr17.pdf PGTune https://pgtune.leopard.in.ua/ pg_index_pilot https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pg_index_pilot/ [Vibe] Hacking Postgres with Andrey, Kirk, Nik – index bloat, btree page merge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1PEdDcvZTw ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
caSe-inSENsiTive 26:22

לפני 9 weeks26:22

26:22

Nikolay and Michael discuss case-insensitive data — when we want to treat columns as case-insensitive, and the pros and cons of using citext, functions like lower(), or a custom collation. Here are some links to things they mentioned: citext https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/citext.html Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing Nondeterministic collations https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/collation.html#COLLATION-NONDETERMINISTIC How to migrate from Django’s PostgreSQL CI Fields to use a case-insensitive collation (blog post by Adam Johnson) https://adamj.eu/tech/2023/02/23/migrate-django-postgresql-ci-fields-case-insensitive-collation The collation versioning problem with ICU 73 (blog post by Daniel Vérité) https://postgresql.verite.pro/blog/2023/10/20/icu-73-versioning.html amcheck https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/amcheck.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Monitoring from Postgres AI 44:40

לפני 11 weeks44:40

44:40

Nikolay talks to Michael about Postgres AI's new monitoring tool — what it is, how its different to other tools, and some of the thinking behind it. Here are some links to things they mentioned: postgres_ai monitoring https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgres_ai DB Lab 4.0 announcement https://github.com/postgres-ai/database-lab-engine/releases/tag/v4.0.0 pganalyze https://pganalyze.com postgres-checkup https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgres-checkup Percona Monitoring and Management (PMM) https://github.com/percona/pmm pgwatch https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pgwatch pgwatch Postgres AI Edition https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2 libpg_query https://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query The Four Golden Signals https://sre.google/sre-book/monitoring-distributed-systems/#xref_monitoring_golden-signals logerrors https://github.com/munakoiso/logerrors ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
MultiXact member space exhaustion 55:43

לפני 12 weeks55:43

55:43

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Andrew Johnson and Nate Brennand from Metronome to discuss MultiXact member space exhaustion — what it is, how they managed to hit it, and some tips to prevent running into it at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nate Brennand https://postgres.fm/people/nate-brennand Andrew Johnson https://postgres.fm/people/andrew-johnson Metronome https://metronome.com Root Cause Analysis: PostgreSQL MultiXact member exhaustion incidents (blog post by Metronome) https://metronome.com/blog/root-cause-analysis-postgresql-multixact-member-exhaustion-incidents-may-2025 Multixacts and Wraparound (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-MULTIXACT-WRAPAROUND multixact.c source code https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c Add pg_stat_multixact view for multixact membership usage monitoring (patch proposal by Andrew, needing review!) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5869/ PostgreSQL subtransactions considered harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age doesn't account for MultiXact member exhaustion (thread started by Peter Geoghegan) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAH2-WzmLPWJk3gbAxy8dHY%2BA-Juz_6uGwfe6DkE8B5-dTDvLcw%40mail.gmail.com Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/introducing-amazon-s3-vectors-first-cloud-storage-with-native-vector-support-at-scale/ MultiXacts in PostgreSQL: usage, side effects, and monitoring (blog post by Shawn McCoy and Divya Sharma from AWS) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/multixacts-in-postgresql-usage-side-effects-and-monitoring/ Postgres Aurora multixact monitoring queries https://gist.github.com/natebrennand/0924f723ff61fa897c4106379fc7f3dc And finally an apology and a correction, the membership space is ~4B, not ~2B as said by Michael in the episode! Definition here: https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/f6ffbeda00e08c4c8ac8cf72173f84157491bfde/src/include/access/multixact.h#L31 And here's the formula discussed for calculating how the member space can grow quadratically by the number of overlapping transactions: Members can be calculated via: aₙ = 2 + [sum from k=3 to n+1 of k] This simplifies to: aₙ = (((n+1)(n+2))/2) - 1 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Multigres 1:19:27

לפני 13 weeks1:19:27

1:19:27

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Sugu Sougoumarane to discuss Multigres — a project he's joined Supabase to lead, building an adaptation of Vitess for Postgres! Here are some links to things they mentioned: Sugu Sougoumarane https://postgres.fm/people/sugu-sougoumarane Supabase https://supabase.com Announcing Multigres https://supabase.com/blog/multigres-vitess-for-postgres Vitess https://github.com/vitessio/vitess SPQR https://github.com/pg-sharding/spqr Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog Myths and Truths about Synchronous Replication in PostgreSQL (talk by Alexander Kukushkin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFn9qRGzTMc Consensus algorithms at scale (8 part series by Sugu) https://planetscale.com/blog/consensus-algorithms-at-scale-part-1 A More Flexible Paxos (blog post by Sugu) https://www.sougou.io/a-more-flexible-paxos libpg_query https://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query PL/Proxy https://github.com/plproxy/plproxy PlanetScale Postgres Benchmarking https://planetscale.com/blog/benchmarking-postgres MultiXact member exhaustion incidents (blog post by Cosmo Wolfe / Metronome) https://metronome.com/blog/root-cause-analysis-postgresql-multixact-member-exhaustion-incidents-may-2025 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Multi-tenant options 50:18

לפני 16 weeks50:18

50:18

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Gwen Shapira to discuss multi-tenant architectures — the high level options, the pros and cons of each, and how they're trying to help with Nile. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Gwen Shapira https://postgres.fm/people/gwen-shapira Nile https://www.thenile.dev SaaS Tenant Isolation Strategies (AWS whitepaper) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies.html Row Level Security https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.html Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Postgres.AI Bot https://postgres.ai/blog/20240127-postgres-ai-bot RLS Performance and Best Practices https://supabase.com/docs/guides/troubleshooting/rls-performance-and-best-practices-Z5Jjwv Case Gwen mentioned about the planner thinking an optimisation was unsafe Re-engineering Postgres for Millions of Tenants (Gwen’s recent talk at PGConf.dev) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfAStGb4s88 Multi-tenant database the good, the bad, the ugly (talk by Pierre Ducroquet at PgDay Paris) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uxuPfSvTGU ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
Mean vs p99 38:51

לפני 17 weeks38:51

38:51

Nikolay and Michael discuss looking at queries by mean time — when it makes sense, why ordering by a percentile (like p99) might be better, and the merits of approximating percentiles in pg_stat_statements using the standard deviation column. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Approximate the p99 of a query with pg_stat_statements (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/approximate-the-p99-of-a-query-with-pgstatstatements pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html Our episode about track_planning https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg-stat-statements-track-planning pg_stat_monitor https://github.com/percona/pg_stat_monitor statement_timeout https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-STATEMENT-TIMEOUT ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

1
What to log 48:34

לפני 18 weeks48:34

48:34

Nikolay and Michael discuss logging in Postgres — mostly what to log, and why changing quite a few settings can pay off big time in the long term. Here are some links to things they mentioned: What to log https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-LOGGING-WHAT Our episode about Auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing Our episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain Here are the parameters they mentioned changing: log_checkpoints log_autovacuum_min_duration log_statement log_connections and log_disconnections log_lock_waits log_temp_files log_min_duration_statement log_min_duration_sample and log_statement_sample_rate And finally, some very useful tools they meant to mention but forgot to! https://pgpedia.info https://postgresqlco.nf https://why-upgrade.depesz.com/show?from=16.9&to=17.5 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
NOT VALID constraints 33:56

לפני 38 weeks33:56

33:56

Nikolay and Michael discuss adding constraints in an online fashion, using NOT VALID and then VALIDATE CONSTRAINT. Here are some links to things they mentioned: ADD table_constraint NOT VALID https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-ADD-TABLE-CONSTRAINT Our episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations VALIDATE CONSTRAINT https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-VALIDATE-CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-NOTES pgroll https://github.com/xataio/pgroll ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_squeeze 36:26

לפני 39 weeks36:26

36:26

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Antonín Houska to discuss pg_squeeze — what it is, how it started, some of its features, and hopes of getting the functionality into core. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Antonín Houska https://postgres.fm/people/antonin-houska pg_squeeze https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeeze Cybertec https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com pg_repack https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack Introducing pg_squeeze (by Kaarel Moppel) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/introducing-pg_squeeze-a-postgresql-extension-to-auto-rebuild-bloated-tables pg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL APT packages https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt pg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL Yum packages https://yum.postgresql.org pg_rewrite https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_rewrite VACUUM FULL / CLUSTER CONCURRENTLY patch https://commitfest.postgresql.org/51/5117 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_duckdb 40:08

לפני 40 weeks40:08

40:08

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Joe Sciarrino and Jelte Fennema-Nio to discuss pg_duckdb — what it is, how it started, what early users are using it for, and what they're working on next. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Joe Sciarrino https://postgres.fm/people/joe-sciarrino Jelte Fennema-Nio https://postgres.fm/people/jelte-fennema-nio pg_duckdb https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb Hydra https://www.hydra.so MotherDuck https://motherduck.com The problems and benefits of an elephant with a beak (lightning talk by Jelte) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogvbKE4fw9A&list=PLF36ND7b_WU4QL6bA28NrzBOevqUYiPYq&t=1073s pg_duckdb announcement post (by Jordan and Brett from MotherDuck) https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduck pg_duckdb 0.2 release https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb/releases/tag/v0.2.0 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
RLS vs performance 40:48

לפני 42 weeks40:48

40:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss Row Level Security in Postgres, focussing on the performance side effects and some tips to avoid (or minimize) them. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Row Security Policies (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.html 7+ million Postgres tables (recent talk by Kailash Nadh) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhi5Q_wL9i0 Row Level Security guide (Supabase docs) https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/row-level-security current_setting function https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#id-1.5.8.34.3.6.2.2.1.1.1.1 Our slow count episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count RLS Performance and Best Practices (gist from Gary Austin) https://github.com/orgs/supabase/discussions/14576 Everything you need to know about Postgres Row Level Security (talk by Paul Copplestone) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZT1Qx2xUCo BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 Add UUID version 7 generation function (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=78c5e141e9c139fc2ff36a220334e4aa25e1b0eb Postgres hacking session with Andrey and Kirk (for UUIDv7): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPq_hiOE-N8 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
jOOQ 50:31

לפני 43 weeks50:31

50:31

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Lukas Eder, the creator of jOOQ, to discuss what it is, some nice developer experience features it has, and some fun things he's come across from a Postgres perspective. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Lukas Eder https://postgres.fm/people/lukas-eder jOOQ https://www.jooq.org/ DSL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language SQL Dialects https://www.jooq.org/javadoc/latest/org.jooq/org/jooq/SQLDialect.html MERGE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.html match_recognize https://modern-sql.com/feature/match_recognize JOOQ, joy of SQL (talk by Kevin Davin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ej47GZX9D8 BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 PostGIS https://postgis.net/ 10 SQL Tricks That You Didn’t Think Were Possible (blog post by Lukas) https://blog.jooq.org/10-sql-tricks-that-you-didnt-think-were-possible/ jOOQ questions on Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/jooq Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Column Tetris 41:06

לפני 44 weeks41:06

41:06

Nikolay and Michael discuss "Column Tetris" — what it is, why it matters, how to order columns for new tables, and how to re-organise existing ones. Here are some links to things they mentioned: “Column Tetris” by Erwin Brandstetter on Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2966524/calculating-and-saving-space-in-postgresql/7431468#7431468 Data Types https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html OrioleDB beta7 benchmarks https://www.orioledb.com/blog/orioledb-beta7-benchmarks pg_hexedit https://github.com/petergeoghegan/pg_hexedit Saving Space Basically for Free (blog post by James Coleman from Braintree) https://medium.com/paypal-tech/postgresql-at-scale-saving-space-basically-for-free-d94483d9ed9a Ordering Table Columns (GitLab https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/database/ordering_table_columns.html postgres_dba alignment padding query https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dba/blob/master/sql/p1_alignment_padding.sql Good explanation from Marco Slot of how alignment was used to fix a recent issue https://x.com/marcoslot/status/1858132850383421570 pg_repack feature request discussion https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/issues/101 Our episode on bloat (with Chelsea Dole) https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Optimizing table layout for maximum efficiency (blog post by Renato Massaro) https://r.ena.to/blog/optimizing-postgres-table-layout-for-maximum-efficiency ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
pg_stat_statements track_planning 37:55

לפני 45 weeks37:55

37:55

Nikolay and Michael discuss the track_planning parameter of pg_stat_statements — what it is, how it affects performance, and when or whether you should switch it on. Here are some links to things they mentioned: pg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.40.9.2.4.1.3 Our episode about pg_stat_statements https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_stat_statements PostgreSQL 13.0 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/release/13.0/ track_planning causing performance regression (thread on hackers during v13 beta) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/2895b53b033c47ccb22972b589050dd9%40EX13D05UWC001.ant.amazon.com Our episode on 4 million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tps Observer effect in pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache (Postgres TV Hacking session with Andrey and Kirk) https://www.youtube.com/live/wHMNX-fHb2A?si=DPgmrPaSpPF6DxuS ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Is pg_dump a backup tool? 48:44

לפני 46 weeks48:44

48:44

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek and Robert Haas to discuss both the technical question of whether or not pg_dump is a backup tool, as well as the tone and intent behind the statement "pg_dump is not a backup tool". Here are some links to things they mentioned: Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek https://postgres.fm/people/gulcin-yildirim-jelinek Robert Haas https://postgres.fm/people/robert-haas Why you should upgrade PostgreSQL today (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/cve-2024-7348-postgres-upgrade If pg_dump is not a backup tool, what is? (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/pgdump-is-not-a-backup-tool Is pg_dump a backup tool? (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/10/is-pgdump-backup-tool.html?m=1 Why pg_dump is amazing (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/11/why-pgdump-is-amazing.html Avoid too prominent use of "backup" on pg_dump man page (commit by Peter Eisentraut) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=4f29394ea941f688fd4faf7260d2c198931ca797 Is pg_dump a backup tool? (poll by Nikolay with options Yes / No / Define backup) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1847015453056786771 What's the best way to make a backup (a recent example discussion on Reddit) https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1gu4r05/whats_the_best_way_to_make_a_backup/ Hackers mailing list https://www.postgresql.org/list/pgsql-hackers/ Praise, Criticism, and Dialogue (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2023/12/praise-criticism-and-dialogue.html Out-of-cycle release scheduled for November 21, 2024 https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/out-of-cycle-release-scheduled-for-november-21-2024-2958/ pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest Barman https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/barman Our previous episode on backups https://postgres.fm/episodes/backups ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Append-only tables 44:07

לפני 47 weeks44:07

44:07

Nikolay and Michael discuss append-only tables in Postgres — what they are, some unique challenges they bring, and some options for compressing / removing / offloading the data eventually. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Append-only https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Append-only Our episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexes Tips to Improve Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance/ Our episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-autovacuum.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-VACUUM-INSERT-SCALE-FACTOR Our episode about compression https://postgres.fm/episodes/compression New project announced recently called BemiDB https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1854726389603484145 pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Denormalization 35:08

לפני 48 weeks35:08

35:08

Nikolay and Michael discuss denormalization in Postgres — when and why to denormalize things, and a couple of specific cases Nikolay came across recently. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Denormalization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denormalization Our episode on materialized views https://postgres.fm/episodes/materialized-views Our episode on data model trade-offs https://postgres.fm/episodes/data-model-trade-offs Our episode with Markus Winand https://postgres.fm/episodes/modern-sql Universal Relation Data Modelling Considered Harmful (blog post by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/universal-relation-data-modelling-considered-harmful Boyce–Codd normal form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce%E2%80%93Codd_normal_form Our episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count pg_ivm https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm denorm https://github.com/rivethealth/denorm Postgres Materialized Views, The Timescale Way (blog post by David Kohn) https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-way/ PgQ https://github.com/pgq/pgq Databases, types, and the relational model (by C.J. Date and Hugh Darwen) https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hugh/TTM/DTATRM.pdf ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres online communities 38:09

לפני 49 weeks38:09

38:09

Nikolay and Michael discuss online Postgres communities — the ones they prefer, the types of conversations in each, and some other places to ask questions or follow news. Here are some links to things they mentioned: https://www.postgresql.org/community Mailing lists https://www.postgresql.org/list IRC https://www.postgresql.org/community/irc Slack https://pgtreats.info/slack-invite Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/postgres DBA Stack Exchange https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/postgres Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL Discord https://discord.gg/bW2hsax8We How to run ANALYZE (merge request discussion) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/merge_requests/35 This episode on YouTube https://postgresqlco.nf Planet PostgreSQL https://planet.postgresql.org Postgres Weekly https://postgresweekly.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Advanced psql 52:37

לפני 50 weeks52:37

52:37

Nikolay and Michael discuss some cool things you can do with psql, the official CLI that ships with Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: psql docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-psql.html Our episode on psql vs GUIs https://postgres.fm/episodes/psql-vs-guis postgres_dba https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dba Our episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletes Postgres hacking session on \watch with limited number of loops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTV8XhWf3mo pspg https://github.com/okbob/pspg Our episode on Postgres gotchas https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-gotchas current_setting() and set_config() docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET psql tips (site by Lætitia Avrot) https://psql-tips.org ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Postgres Gotchas 40:19

לפני 51 weeks40:19

40:19

Nikolay and Michael discuss some Postgres Gotchas, things you might expect to work one way in fact working another way. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Postgres Gotchas (list by Ian Barwick) https://sql-info.de/postgresql/postgres-gotchas.html Our episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-count Discussion on X about major version upgrades and statistics https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1844593601638260850 Our episode on upgrades https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgrades Statistics Import and Export (commitfest entry which link to email thread) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/50/4538/ vacuumdb https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-vacuumdb.html vacuum_cost_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-VACUUM-COST-DELAY Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need lock_timeout and retries (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retries Postgres Hacking 101: adding params, prevent_unqualified_deletes and prevent_unqualified_updates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=samLkrC5xQA PostgREST suggestion to use pg-safeupdate https://docs.postgrest.org/en/v12/integrations/pg-safeupdate.html#pg-safeupdate DBOS (new company co-founded by Michael Stonebraker) https://www.dbos.dev ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Advanced EXPLAIN 48:47

לפני 52 weeks48:47

48:47

Nikolay and Michael discuss some more advanced topics around EXPLAIN, including some tips for complex query plans, some recent improvements, and an idea or two that might make it even better. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Michael’s solo episode on EXPLAIN basics https://postgres.fm/episodes/explain Our episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain Which cloud providers support auto_explain? (Blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/which-cloud-providers-support-auto-explain psychopg https://www.psycopg.org Our first episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Our second episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel track_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMING compute_query_id https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-COMPUTE-QUERY-ID EXPLAIN: beyond the basics (talk by Michael) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGkSOvuaPs4 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Patroni 45:33

לפני 1 year45:33

45:33

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Alexander Kukushkin, PostgreSQL contributor and maintainer of Patroni, to discuss all things Patroni — what it is, how it works, recent improvements, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Alexander Kukushkin https://postgres.fm/people/alexander-kukushkin Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patroni Spilo https://github.com/zalando/spilo Zalando Postgres Operator https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator Crunchy Data Postgres Operator https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator Split-brain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain_(computing) repmgr https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/repmgr CloudNativePG https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg Patroni release notes https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/latest/releases.html Citus & Patroni talk and demo by Alexander (at Citus Con 2023) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw8O9d0ez7E ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
How to move off RDS 47:33

לפני 19 weeks47:33

47:33

Nikolay and Michael discuss moving off managed services — when and why you might want to, and some tips on how for very large databases. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patroni pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g Hetzner Cloud https://www.hetzner.com/cloud Postgres Extensions Day https://pgext.day pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache auto_explain https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.html Fivetran https://www.fivetran.com pgcopydb https://github.com/dimitri/pgcopydb Kafka https://kafka.apache.org Debezium https://debezium.io max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE log_statement DDL https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-STATEMENT PgBouncer pause/resume https://www.pgbouncer.org/usage.html#pause-db ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Locks 38:53

לפני 20 weeks38:53

38:53

Nikolay and Michael discuss heavyweight locks in Postgres — how to think about them, why you can't avoid them, and some tips for minimising issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Locking (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html Postgres rocks, except when it blocks (blog post by Marco Slot) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2018/02/15/when-postgresql-blocks/ Lock Conflicts (tool by Hussein Nasser) https://pglocks.org/ log_lock_waits (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LOCK-WAITS How to analyze heavyweight lock trees (guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0042_how_to_analyze_heavyweight_locks_part_2.md Lock management (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-locks.html Our episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Top ten dangerous issues 46:28

לפני 22 weeks46:28

46:28

Nikolay and Michael discuss ten dangerous Postgres related issues — ones that might be painful enough to get onto the CTO and even CEOs desk, and then what you can do proactively. The ten issues discussed are: Heavy lock contention Bloat control and index maintenance Lightweight lock contention Transaction ID wraparound 4-byte integer PKs hitting the limit Replication limits Hard limits Data loss Poor HA choice (split brain) Corruption of various kinds Some previous episodes they mentioned that cover the issues in more detail: PgDog https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdog Performance cliffs https://postgres.fm/episodes/performance-cliffs Zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Bloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat Index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance Subtransactions https://postgres.fm/episodes/subtransactions Four million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tps Transaction ID wraparound https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction-id-wraparound pg_squeeze https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_squeeze synchronous_commit https://postgres.fm/episodes/synchronous_commit Managed service support https://postgres.fm/episodes/managed-service-support And finally, some other things they mentioned: A great recent SQL Server-related podcast episode on tuning techniques https://kendralittle.com/2024/05/20/erik-darling-and-kendra-little-rate-sql-server-performance-tuning-techniques/ Postgres Indexes, Partitioning and LWLock:LockManager Scalability (blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability/ Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPg pg_stat_wal https://pgpedia.info/p/pg_stat_wal.html The benefit of lz4 and zstd for Postgres WAL compression (Small Datum blog, Mark Callaghan) https://smalldatum.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-benefit-of-lz4-and-zstd-for.html Split-brain in case of network partition (CloudNativePG issue/discussion) https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg/discussions/7462 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
synchronous_commit 50:53

לפני 23 weeks50:53

50:53

Nikolay and Michael discuss synchronous_commit — what it means on single node setups, for synchronous replication setups, and the pros and cons of the different options for each. Here are some links to things they mentioned: synchronous_commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMIT synchronous_commit history on pgPedia https://pgpedia.info/s/synchronous_commit.html Patroni’s maximum_lag_on_failover setting https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/master/replication_modes.html#asynchronous-mode-durability wal_writer_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-WRITER-DELAY Selective asynchronous commits in PostgreSQL - balancing durability and performance (blog post by Shayon Mukherjee) https://www.shayon.dev/post/2025/75/selective-asynchronous-commits-in-postgresql-balancing-durability-and-performance/ Asynchronous Commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-async-commit.html synchronous_standby_names https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-STANDBY-NAMES Jepson article about Amazon RDS multi-AZ clusters (by Kyle Kingsbury, aka "Aphyr”) https://jepsen.io/analyses/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-17.4 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Managed service support 35:37

לפני 24 weeks35:37

35:37

Nikolay and Michael discuss managed service support — some tips on how to handle cases that aren't going well, tips for requesting features, whether to factor in support when choosing service provider, and whether to use one at all. Here are some links to things they mentioned: YugabyteDB’s new upgrade framework https://www.yugabyte.com/blog/postgresql-upgrade-framework Episode on Blue-green deployments https://postgres.fm/episodes/blue-green-deployments pg_createsubscriber https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgcreatesubscriber.html ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Time-series considerations 42:42

לפני 26 weeks42:42

42:42

Nikolay and Michael discuss time-series considerations for Postgres — including when it matters, some tips for avoiding issues, performance considerations, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Time series data https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series TimescaleDB https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb 13 Tips to Improve PostgreSQL Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance Why we're leaving the cloud (37 Signals / Basecamp / David Heinemeier Hansson) https://world.hey.com/dhh/why-we-re-leaving-the-cloud-654b47e0 UUID v7 and partitioning (“how to” by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0065_uuid_v7_and_partitioning_timescaledb.md pg_cron https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron pg_partman https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman Our episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexes Tutorial from Citus (Andres Freund and Marco Slot) including rollups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ybz6zuXCPo IoT with PostgreSQL (talk by Chris Ellis) https://youtube.com/watch?v=KnUoDBGv4aw&t=58 pg_timeseries https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_timeseries DuckDB https://duckdb.org ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Performance cliffs 38:08

לפני 27 weeks38:08

38:08

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Tomas Vondra to discuss single query performance cliffs — what they are, why they happen, some things we can do to make them less likely or less severe, and some potential improvements to Postgres that could help. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Tomas Vondra https://postgres.fm/people/tomas-vondra Where do performance cliffs come from? (Talk by Tomas) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzdAelm-QSY Where do performance cliffs come from? (Slides) https://vondra.me/pdf/performance-cliffs-posette-2024.pdf Increase the number of fast-path lock slots (committed for Postgres 18) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/E1ss4gX-000IvX-63%40gemulon.postgresql.org San Francisco Bay Area Postgres meet-up with Tomas on 8th April (online) https://www.meetup.com/postgresql-1/events/306484787 Our episode on Extended Statistics https://postgres.fm/episodes/extended-statistics Logging plan of the currently running query (proposed patch by Rafael Thofehrn Castro and Atsushi Torikoshi) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5330 Our episode with Peter Geoghegan on Skip Scan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan Index Prefetching patch that Tomas is collaborating with Peter Geoghegan on https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/4351 A generalized join algorithm, G-Join (paper by Goetz Graefe) https://dl.gi.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce8e3fab-0bac-45fc-a6d4-66edaa52d574/content Smooth Scan: Robust Access Path Selection without Cardinality Estimation (paper by R. Borovica, S. Idreos, A. Ailamaki, M. Zukowski, C. Fraser) https://stratos.seas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum4611/files/stratos/files/smoothscan.pdf Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/jit.html Notes from a pgconf.dev unconference session in 2024 about JIT (discusses issues) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PGConf.dev_2024_Developer_Unconference#JIT_compilation Implementing an alternative JIT provider for PostgreSQL (by Xing Guo) https://higuoxing.com/archives/implementing-jit-provider-for-pgsql Tomas’ Office Hours https://vondra.me/posts/office-hours-experiment ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
PgDog 48:34

לפני 28 weeks48:34

48:34

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Lev Kokotov to discuss PgDog — including whether or when sharding is needed, the origin story (via PgCat), what's already supported, and what's coming next. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Lev Kokotov https://postgres.fm/people/lev-kokotov PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog PgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcat Adopting PgCat (Instacart blog post) https://www.instacart.com/company/how-its-made/adopting-pgcat-a-nextgen-postgres-proxy PgDog discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43364668 Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Sharding & IDs at Instagram (blog post) https://instagram-engineering.com/sharding-ids-at-instagram-1cf5a71e5a5c Sharding pgvector (blog post by Lev) https://pgdog.dev/blog/sharding-pgvector ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Snapshots 44:05

לפני 29 weeks44:05

44:05

Nikolay talks Michael through using cloud snapshots — how they can be used to reduce RTO for huge Postgres setups, also to improve provisioning time, and some major catches to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Snapshots on RDS https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_CreateSnapshot.html pgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g pg_backup_start and pg_backup_stop (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP How to troubleshoot long Postgres startup (by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0003_how_to_troubleshoot_long_startup.md Restoring to a DB instance (RDS docs mentioning lazy loading) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html Amazon EBS fast snapshot restore https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-fast-snapshot-restore.html Our 100th episode “To 100TB, and beyond!” https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
GIN Indexes 40:59

לפני 30 weeks40:59

40:59

Nikolay and Michael discuss GIN indexes in Postgres — what they are, what they're used for, and some limitations to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned: GIN Indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Hellerstein, Naughton, Pfeffer) https://dsf.berkeley.edu/papers/vldb95-gist.pdf RUM extension https://pgxn.org/dist/rum/1.1.0/ Understanding Postgres GIN Indexes: The Good and the Bad (Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/gin-index ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Best Practices 40:49

לפני 31 weeks40:49

40:49

Nikolay and Michael use a recent "best practices" article as a prompt — giving a few tips each on the topics mentioned, like schema design, performance, backups, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned: 7 Crucial PostgreSQL Best Practices (recent blog post) https://speakdatascience.com/postgresql-best-practices “Don't do this” episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/dont-do-this Article discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42992913 Mozilla’s SQL Style Guide https://docs.telemetry.mozilla.org/concepts/sql_style “SQL vs NoSQL” episode with Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/episodes/sql-vs-nosql HA episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/high-availability ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Extended Statistics 32:41

לפני 32 weeks32:41

32:41

Nikolay and Michael discuss the CREATE STATISTICS feature in Postgres — what it's for, how often it's used, and how to spot cases where it would help. Here are some links to things they mentioned: CREATE STATISTICS https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createstatistics.html citext https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/citext.html Statistics Used by the Planner https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/planner-stats.html default_statistics_target https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-DEFAULT-STATISTICS-TARGET Tomáš Vondra on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8la-OWfD3VI Recent commit to Postgres 18 for pg_upgrade https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=1fd1bd871012732e3c6c482667d2f2c56f1a9395 Multivariate Statistics Examples https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/multivariate-statistics-examples.html Extended statistics (README) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/statistics/README How we used Postgres extended statistics to achieve a 3000x speedup (blog post by Jared Rulison) https://medium.com/affinity-engineering/how-we-used-postgres-extended-statistics-to-achieve-a-3000x-speedup-ea93d3dcdc61 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
SQL vs NoSQL 50:01

לפני 34 weeks50:01

50:01

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Franck Pachot to discuss SQL vs NoSQL — did Franck change teams by joining MongoDB, normalisation vs denormalisation, developer experience, NULLs, and more! Here are some links to things they mentioned: Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/people/franck-pachot Franck's workshop at PGConf India https://pgconf.in/conferences/pgconfin2025/program/proposals/958 PostgreSQL Conference Germany https://2025.pgconf.de "Schema Later" Considered Harmful by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/schema-later-considered-harmful Comparison of JOINS by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/comparison-joins-mongodb-vs-postgresql Franck’s post about why he joined MongoDB https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2025-im-joining-mongodb-franck-pachot-e4shf EdgeDB https://www.edgedb.com Nikolay’s tweet about a recent issue with NULLs https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1889078097124999272 PartiQL https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ql-reference.html FerretDB https://www.ferretdb.com DocumentDB https://github.com/microsoft/documentdb ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Return of the BUFFERS 51:46

לפני 35 weeks51:46

51:46

Nikolay and Michael return to the topic of BUFFERS for the third (and final?) time! They discuss the news that it'll be on by default with EXPLAIN ANALYZE in Postgres 18, and what effect that might have. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our first BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Our second BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 https://explain.depesz.com/history Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832 Twitter conversation about flushing caches https://x.com/prochazkafilip/status/1881655337499205736 pg_buffercache_evict https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.html#PGBUFFERCACHE-PG-BUFFERCACHE-EVICT How to compare the quality of SQL query plans (blog post by Andrei Lepikhov) https://danolivo.substack.com/p/whose-optimisation-is-better We were added as PostgreSQL Contributors! https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/new-postgresql-contributors-3006 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

Postgres FM

1
Reads causing writes 26:48

לפני 37 weeks26:48

26:48

Nikolay and Michael discuss a couple of surprising ways read queries (selects) can cause writes (shared buffers dirtied) in Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Reads causing writes in Postgres (post by Alex Jesipow) https://jesipow.com/blog/postgres-reads-cause-writes/ Exploring how SELECT queries can produce disk writes (post by Nikolay Sivko) https://blog.okmeter.io/postgresql-exploring-how-select-queries-can-produce-disk-writes-f36c8bee6b6f Hint Bits (wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Hint_Bits pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling BUFFERS by default (episode 4!) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Page layout (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-page-layout.html From Reddit (user merlinm), PD_ALL_VISIBLE may be a third case https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1hjuyfn/comment/m3e6e7v/ Coroot https://coroot.com/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc ! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork…

ברוכים הבאים אל Player FM!

Player FM סורק את האינטרנט עבור פודקאסטים באיכות גבוהה בשבילכם כדי שתהנו מהם כרגע. זה יישום הפודקאסט הטוב ביותר והוא עובד על אנדרואיד, iPhone ואינטרנט. הירשמו לסנכרון מנויים במכשירים שונים.